| Alternative 1 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 99.7% |
| Cost | 33732 |

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (/ 1.0 (sqrt x)) (/ 1.0 (sqrt (+ x 1.0)))))
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (sqrt (+ 1.0 x))))
(if (<= (+ (/ 1.0 (sqrt x)) (/ -1.0 t_0)) 0.0)
(* 0.5 (pow x -1.5))
(/ (/ (+ x (- 1.0 x)) (+ (sqrt x) t_0)) (sqrt (* x (+ 1.0 x)))))))double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / sqrt((x + 1.0)));
}
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = sqrt((1.0 + x));
double tmp;
if (((1.0 / sqrt(x)) + (-1.0 / t_0)) <= 0.0) {
tmp = 0.5 * pow(x, -1.5);
} else {
tmp = ((x + (1.0 - x)) / (sqrt(x) + t_0)) / sqrt((x * (1.0 + x)));
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (1.0d0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0d0 / sqrt((x + 1.0d0)))
end function
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: t_0
real(8) :: tmp
t_0 = sqrt((1.0d0 + x))
if (((1.0d0 / sqrt(x)) + ((-1.0d0) / t_0)) <= 0.0d0) then
tmp = 0.5d0 * (x ** (-1.5d0))
else
tmp = ((x + (1.0d0 - x)) / (sqrt(x) + t_0)) / sqrt((x * (1.0d0 + x)))
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (1.0 / Math.sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / Math.sqrt((x + 1.0)));
}
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = Math.sqrt((1.0 + x));
double tmp;
if (((1.0 / Math.sqrt(x)) + (-1.0 / t_0)) <= 0.0) {
tmp = 0.5 * Math.pow(x, -1.5);
} else {
tmp = ((x + (1.0 - x)) / (Math.sqrt(x) + t_0)) / Math.sqrt((x * (1.0 + x)));
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): return (1.0 / math.sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / math.sqrt((x + 1.0)))
def code(x): t_0 = math.sqrt((1.0 + x)) tmp = 0 if ((1.0 / math.sqrt(x)) + (-1.0 / t_0)) <= 0.0: tmp = 0.5 * math.pow(x, -1.5) else: tmp = ((x + (1.0 - x)) / (math.sqrt(x) + t_0)) / math.sqrt((x * (1.0 + x))) return tmp
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(1.0 / sqrt(x)) - Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(x + 1.0)))) end
function code(x) t_0 = sqrt(Float64(1.0 + x)) tmp = 0.0 if (Float64(Float64(1.0 / sqrt(x)) + Float64(-1.0 / t_0)) <= 0.0) tmp = Float64(0.5 * (x ^ -1.5)); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(x + Float64(1.0 - x)) / Float64(sqrt(x) + t_0)) / sqrt(Float64(x * Float64(1.0 + x)))); end return tmp end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (1.0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / sqrt((x + 1.0))); end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = sqrt((1.0 + x)); tmp = 0.0; if (((1.0 / sqrt(x)) + (-1.0 / t_0)) <= 0.0) tmp = 0.5 * (x ^ -1.5); else tmp = ((x + (1.0 - x)) / (sqrt(x) + t_0)) / sqrt((x * (1.0 + x))); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[N[(N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-1.0 / t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 0.0], N[(0.5 * N[Power[x, -1.5], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(x + N[(1.0 - x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[Sqrt[x], $MachinePrecision] + t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Sqrt[N[(x * N[(1.0 + x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]
\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \sqrt{1 + x}\\
\mathbf{if}\;\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \frac{-1}{t_0} \leq 0:\\
\;\;\;\;0.5 \cdot {x}^{-1.5}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{x + \left(1 - x\right)}{\sqrt{x} + t_0}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}\\
\end{array}
Herbie found 7 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
Results
| Original | 69.0% |
|---|---|
| Target | 98.9% |
| Herbie | 99.7% |
if (-.f64 (/.f64 1 (sqrt.f64 x)) (/.f64 1 (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 x 1)))) < 0.0Initial program 36.5%
Applied egg-rr36.5%
[Start]36.5% | \[ \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}
\] |
|---|---|
flip-- [=>]36.5% | \[ \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}}
\] |
frac-times [=>]16.4% | \[ \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}
\] |
metadata-eval [=>]16.4% | \[ \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{1}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}
\] |
add-sqr-sqrt [<=]17.7% | \[ \frac{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}
\] |
frac-times [=>]24.7% | \[ \frac{\frac{1}{x} - \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}
\] |
metadata-eval [=>]24.7% | \[ \frac{\frac{1}{x} - \frac{\color{blue}{1}}{\sqrt{x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}
\] |
add-sqr-sqrt [<=]36.5% | \[ \frac{\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\color{blue}{x + 1}}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}
\] |
+-commutative [=>]36.5% | \[ \frac{\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{\color{blue}{1 + x}}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}
\] |
pow1/2 [=>]36.5% | \[ \frac{\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{1 + x}}{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{{x}^{0.5}}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}
\] |
pow-flip [=>]36.5% | \[ \frac{\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{1 + x}}{\color{blue}{{x}^{\left(-0.5\right)}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}
\] |
metadata-eval [=>]36.5% | \[ \frac{\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{1 + x}}{{x}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}}
\] |
inv-pow [=>]36.5% | \[ \frac{\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{1 + x}}{{x}^{-0.5} + \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt{x + 1}\right)}^{-1}}}
\] |
sqrt-pow2 [=>]36.5% | \[ \frac{\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{1 + x}}{{x}^{-0.5} + \color{blue}{{\left(x + 1\right)}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}}
\] |
+-commutative [=>]36.5% | \[ \frac{\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{1 + x}}{{x}^{-0.5} + {\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)}}^{\left(\frac{-1}{2}\right)}}
\] |
metadata-eval [=>]36.5% | \[ \frac{\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{1 + x}}{{x}^{-0.5} + {\left(1 + x\right)}^{\color{blue}{-0.5}}}
\] |
Taylor expanded in x around inf 67.0%
Simplified100.0%
[Start]67.0% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{{x}^{3}}}
\] |
|---|---|
exp-to-pow [<=]64.1% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\color{blue}{e^{\log x \cdot 3}}}}
\] |
*-commutative [<=]64.1% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{e^{\color{blue}{3 \cdot \log x}}}}
\] |
exp-neg [<=]64.1% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{e^{-3 \cdot \log x}}}
\] |
distribute-lft-neg-in [=>]64.1% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \sqrt{e^{\color{blue}{\left(-3\right) \cdot \log x}}}
\] |
metadata-eval [=>]64.1% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \sqrt{e^{\color{blue}{-3} \cdot \log x}}
\] |
*-commutative [=>]64.1% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \sqrt{e^{\color{blue}{\log x \cdot -3}}}
\] |
exp-to-pow [=>]67.0% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{{x}^{-3}}}
\] |
metadata-eval [<=]67.0% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \sqrt{{x}^{\color{blue}{\left(2 \cdot -1.5\right)}}}
\] |
pow-sqr [<=]67.1% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{{x}^{-1.5} \cdot {x}^{-1.5}}}
\] |
rem-sqrt-square [=>]100.0% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\left|{x}^{-1.5}\right|}
\] |
rem-square-sqrt [<=]99.4% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{{x}^{-1.5}} \cdot \sqrt{{x}^{-1.5}}}\right|
\] |
fabs-sqr [=>]99.4% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{{x}^{-1.5}} \cdot \sqrt{{x}^{-1.5}}\right)}
\] |
rem-square-sqrt [=>]100.0% | \[ 0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{{x}^{-1.5}}
\] |
if 0.0 < (-.f64 (/.f64 1 (sqrt.f64 x)) (/.f64 1 (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 x 1)))) Initial program 98.2%
Applied egg-rr98.2%
[Start]98.2% | \[ \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}}
\] |
|---|---|
frac-sub [=>]98.2% | \[ \color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \sqrt{x + 1} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}}
\] |
*-un-lft-identity [<=]98.2% | \[ \frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x + 1}} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}
\] |
+-commutative [=>]98.2% | \[ \frac{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x}} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}
\] |
*-rgt-identity [=>]98.2% | \[ \frac{\sqrt{1 + x} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}}
\] |
sqrt-unprod [=>]98.2% | \[ \frac{\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(x + 1\right)}}}
\] |
+-commutative [=>]98.2% | \[ \frac{\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)}}}
\] |
Applied egg-rr99.6%
[Start]98.2% | \[ \frac{\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
|---|---|
add-sqr-sqrt [=>]98.2% | \[ \frac{\sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}} - \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
hypot-1-def [=>]98.2% | \[ \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right)} - \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
flip-- [=>]98.4% | \[ \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) - \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) + \sqrt{x}}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
div-inv [=>]98.4% | \[ \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) - \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) + \sqrt{x}}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
hypot-1-def [<=]98.6% | \[ \frac{\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}} \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) - \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) + \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
add-sqr-sqrt [<=]98.4% | \[ \frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x}} \cdot \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) - \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) + \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
hypot-1-def [<=]98.6% | \[ \frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}} - \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) + \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
add-sqr-sqrt [<=]98.4% | \[ \frac{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} \cdot \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x}} - \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) + \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
add-sqr-sqrt [<=]99.1% | \[ \frac{\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + x\right)} - \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) + \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
+-commutative [=>]99.1% | \[ \frac{\left(\color{blue}{\left(x + 1\right)} - \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) + \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
add-sqr-sqrt [<=]99.6% | \[ \frac{\left(\left(x + 1\right) - \color{blue}{x}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) + \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
associate--l+ [=>]99.6% | \[ \frac{\color{blue}{\left(x + \left(1 - x\right)\right)} \cdot \frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right) + \sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
+-commutative [=>]99.6% | \[ \frac{\left(x + \left(1 - x\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right)}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
hypot-1-def [<=]99.6% | \[ \frac{\left(x + \left(1 - x\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + \sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
add-sqr-sqrt [<=]99.6% | \[ \frac{\left(x + \left(1 - x\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{1 + \color{blue}{x}}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
Simplified99.6%
[Start]99.6% | \[ \frac{\left(x + \left(1 - x\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x + 1}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
|---|---|
associate-*r/ [=>]99.6% | \[ \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\left(x + \left(1 - x\right)\right) \cdot 1}{\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x + 1}}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
*-rgt-identity [=>]99.6% | \[ \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{x + \left(1 - x\right)}}{\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x + 1}}}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}
\] |
Final simplification99.8%
| Alternative 1 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 99.7% |
| Cost | 33732 |
| Alternative 2 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 99.5% |
| Cost | 26692 |
| Alternative 3 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 98.5% |
| Cost | 7044 |
| Alternative 4 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 98.2% |
| Cost | 6788 |
| Alternative 5 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 51.7% |
| Cost | 6656 |
| Alternative 6 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 7.4% |
| Cost | 320 |
| Alternative 7 | |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 7.4% |
| Cost | 192 |
herbie shell --seed 2023178
(FPCore (x)
:name "2isqrt (example 3.6)"
:precision binary64
:herbie-target
(/ 1.0 (+ (* (+ x 1.0) (sqrt x)) (* x (sqrt (+ x 1.0)))))
(- (/ 1.0 (sqrt x)) (/ 1.0 (sqrt (+ x 1.0)))))