Rust f32::asinh

Percentage Accurate: 38.0% → 99.5%

Time: 7.1s

Alternatives: 14

Speedup: 3.8×

• Unsound rule application detected in e-graph. Results may not be sound.

Specification

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sinh^{-1} x \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (asinh x))

C

float code(float x) {
	return asinhf(x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return asinh(x)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = asinh(x);
end

Initial Program: 38.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (copysign (log (+ (fabs x) (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))) x))

C

float code(float x) {
	return copysignf(logf((fabsf(x) + sqrtf(((x * x) + 1.0f)))), x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return copysign(log(Float32(abs(x) + sqrt(Float32(Float32(x * x) + Float32(1.0))))), x)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((abs(x) + sqrt(((x * x) + single(1.0))))));
end

Alternative 1: 99.5% accurate, 0.4× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;t_0 \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3} + \left(x + 0.075 \cdot {x}^{5}\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (copysign (log (+ (fabs x) (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))) x)))
   (if (<= t_0 -0.4000000059604645)
     (copysign (- (log (- (hypot 1.0 x) x))) x)
     (if (<= t_0 0.019999999552965164)
       (copysign
        (+ (* -0.16666666666666666 (pow x 3.0)) (+ x (* 0.075 (pow x 5.0))))
        x)
       (copysign (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x))) x)))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float t_0 = copysignf(logf((fabsf(x) + sqrtf(((x * x) + 1.0f)))), x);
	float tmp;
	if (t_0 <= -0.4000000059604645f) {
		tmp = copysignf(-logf((hypotf(1.0f, x) - x)), x);
	} else if (t_0 <= 0.019999999552965164f) {
		tmp = copysignf(((-0.16666666666666666f * powf(x, 3.0f)) + (x + (0.075f * powf(x, 5.0f)))), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((x + hypotf(1.0f, x))), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = copysign(log(Float32(abs(x) + sqrt(Float32(Float32(x * x) + Float32(1.0))))), x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (t_0 <= Float32(-0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(-log(Float32(hypot(Float32(1.0), x) - x))), x);
	elseif (t_0 <= Float32(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(Float32(Float32(-0.16666666666666666) * (x ^ Float32(3.0))) + Float32(x + Float32(Float32(0.075) * (x ^ Float32(5.0))))), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x + hypot(Float32(1.0), x))), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	t_0 = sign(x) * abs(log((abs(x) + sqrt(((x * x) + single(1.0))))));
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (t_0 <= single(-0.4000000059604645))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(-log((hypot(single(1.0), x) - x)));
	elseif (t_0 <= single(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(((single(-0.16666666666666666) * (x ^ single(3.0))) + (x + (single(0.075) * (x ^ single(5.0))))));
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((x + hypot(single(1.0), x))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) 1)))) x) < -0.400000006

   1. Initial program 50.8%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 50.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 14.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 12.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. log-div 11.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right)}, x\right) \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 12.6%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      8. fma-def 12.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      9. +-commutative 12.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x\right), x\right) \]

      10. hypot-1-def 12.1%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 12.1%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 12.6%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 12.6%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 47.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)\right)} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(1 + \color{blue}{0}\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{1} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{0} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      7. neg-sub0 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -0.400000006 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) 1)))) x) < 0.0199999996

   1. Initial program 20.2%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 20.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt 11.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr 11.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 20.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 20.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 20.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      7. fma-def 20.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 20.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      9. hypot-1-def 20.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x}\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 20.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 20.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 20.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 20.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 20.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1 + \color{blue}{0}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 20.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 20.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3} + \left(0.075 \cdot {x}^{5} + x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if 0.0199999996 < (copysign.f32 (log.f32 (+.f32 (fabs.f32 x) (sqrt.f32 (+.f32 (*.f32 x x) 1)))) x)

   1. Initial program 56.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-un-lft-identity 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. *-commutative 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \cdot 1\right)}, x\right) \]

      3. log-prod 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) + \log 1}, x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      5. fabs-sqr 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{x} + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      7. +-commutative 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      8. hypot-1-def 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      9. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right) + \color{blue}{0}, x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right) + 0}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-rgt-identity 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 100.0%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \leq -0.4000000059604645:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3} + \left(x + 0.075 \cdot {x}^{5}\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 2: 99.0% accurate, 1.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(x \cdot -2 + 0.5 \cdot \frac{-1}{x}\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, x \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -2.0)
   (copysign (- (log (+ (* x -2.0) (* 0.5 (/ -1.0 x))))) x)
   (if (<= x 0.019999999552965164)
     (copysign (fma (* x x) (* x -0.16666666666666666) x) x)
     (copysign (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x))) x))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -2.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(-logf(((x * -2.0f) + (0.5f * (-1.0f / x)))), x);
	} else if (x <= 0.019999999552965164f) {
		tmp = copysignf(fmaf((x * x), (x * -0.16666666666666666f), x), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((x + hypotf(1.0f, x))), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-2.0))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(-log(Float32(Float32(x * Float32(-2.0)) + Float32(Float32(0.5) * Float32(Float32(-1.0) / x))))), x);
	elseif (x <= Float32(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = copysign(fma(Float32(x * x), Float32(x * Float32(-0.16666666666666666)), x), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x + hypot(Float32(1.0), x))), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -2

   1. Initial program 48.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 48.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 10.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. log-div 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right)}, x\right) \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      8. fma-def 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      9. +-commutative 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x\right), x\right) \]

      10. hypot-1-def 7.7%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 7.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 44.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)\right)} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(1 + \color{blue}{0}\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{1} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{0} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      7. neg-sub0 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot x - 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -2 < x < 0.0199999996

   1. Initial program 21.9%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt 10.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr 10.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 22.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      7. fma-def 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      9. hypot-1-def 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x}\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 21.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1 + \color{blue}{0}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 21.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3} + x}, x\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666} + x, x\right) \]

      2. unpow3 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot -0.16666666666666666 + x, x\right) \]

      3. associate-*l* 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot -0.16666666666666666\right)} + x, x\right) \]

      4. fma-def 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, x \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right)}, x\right) \]

   8. Applied egg-rr 98.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, x \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if 0.0199999996 < x

   1. Initial program 56.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-un-lft-identity 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. *-commutative 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \cdot 1\right)}, x\right) \]

      3. log-prod 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) + \log 1}, x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      5. fabs-sqr 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{x} + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      7. +-commutative 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      8. hypot-1-def 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      9. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right) + \color{blue}{0}, x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right) + 0}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-rgt-identity 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 99.2%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(x \cdot -2 + 0.5 \cdot \frac{-1}{x}\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, x \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 3: 99.5% accurate, 1.3× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.05000000074505806:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -0.05000000074505806)
   (copysign (- (log (- (hypot 1.0 x) x))) x)
   (if (<= x 0.019999999552965164)
     (copysign (+ x (* -0.16666666666666666 (pow x 3.0))) x)
     (copysign (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x))) x))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -0.05000000074505806f) {
		tmp = copysignf(-logf((hypotf(1.0f, x) - x)), x);
	} else if (x <= 0.019999999552965164f) {
		tmp = copysignf((x + (-0.16666666666666666f * powf(x, 3.0f))), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((x + hypotf(1.0f, x))), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-0.05000000074505806))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(-log(Float32(hypot(Float32(1.0), x) - x))), x);
	elseif (x <= Float32(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(x + Float32(Float32(-0.16666666666666666) * (x ^ Float32(3.0)))), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x + hypot(Float32(1.0), x))), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-0.05000000074505806))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(-log((hypot(single(1.0), x) - x)));
	elseif (x <= single(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs((x + (single(-0.16666666666666666) * (x ^ single(3.0)))));
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((x + hypot(single(1.0), x))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -0.0500000007

   1. Initial program 51.5%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 51.5%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 15.6%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 13.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. log-div 13.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right)}, x\right) \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 13.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      8. fma-def 13.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      9. +-commutative 13.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x\right), x\right) \]

      10. hypot-1-def 13.4%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 13.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 13.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 13.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 48.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)\right)} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 99.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(1 + \color{blue}{0}\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 99.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{1} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval 99.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{0} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      7. neg-sub0 99.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.8%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -0.0500000007 < x < 0.0199999996

   1. Initial program 19.7%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 19.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt 11.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr 11.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 19.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 19.6%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 19.5%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      7. fma-def 19.5%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 19.5%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      9. hypot-1-def 19.6%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x}\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 19.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 19.6%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 19.6%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 19.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 19.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1 + \color{blue}{0}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 19.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 19.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3} + x}, x\right) \]

   if 0.0199999996 < x

   1. Initial program 56.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-un-lft-identity 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. *-commutative 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \cdot 1\right)}, x\right) \]

      3. log-prod 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) + \log 1}, x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      5. fabs-sqr 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{x} + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      7. +-commutative 56.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      8. hypot-1-def 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      9. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right) + \color{blue}{0}, x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right) + 0}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-rgt-identity 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 99.9%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.05000000074505806:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 4: 98.1% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(x \cdot -2 + 0.5 \cdot \frac{-1}{x}\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, x \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -2.0)
   (copysign (- (log (+ (* x -2.0) (* 0.5 (/ -1.0 x))))) x)
   (if (<= x 0.019999999552965164)
     (copysign (fma (* x x) (* x -0.16666666666666666) x) x)
     (copysign (log (+ x (+ x (/ 0.5 x)))) x))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -2.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(-logf(((x * -2.0f) + (0.5f * (-1.0f / x)))), x);
	} else if (x <= 0.019999999552965164f) {
		tmp = copysignf(fmaf((x * x), (x * -0.16666666666666666f), x), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((x + (x + (0.5f / x)))), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-2.0))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(-log(Float32(Float32(x * Float32(-2.0)) + Float32(Float32(0.5) * Float32(Float32(-1.0) / x))))), x);
	elseif (x <= Float32(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = copysign(fma(Float32(x * x), Float32(x * Float32(-0.16666666666666666)), x), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x + Float32(x + Float32(Float32(0.5) / x)))), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -2

   1. Initial program 48.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 48.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 10.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. log-div 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right)}, x\right) \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      8. fma-def 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      9. +-commutative 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x\right), x\right) \]

      10. hypot-1-def 7.7%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 7.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 44.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)\right)} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(1 + \color{blue}{0}\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{1} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{0} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      7. neg-sub0 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot x - 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -2 < x < 0.0199999996

   1. Initial program 21.9%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt 10.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr 10.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 22.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      7. fma-def 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      9. hypot-1-def 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x}\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 21.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1 + \color{blue}{0}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 21.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3} + x}, x\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666} + x, x\right) \]

      2. unpow3 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot -0.16666666666666666 + x, x\right) \]

      3. associate-*l* 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot -0.16666666666666666\right)} + x, x\right) \]

      4. fma-def 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, x \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right)}, x\right) \]

   8. Applied egg-rr 98.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, x \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if 0.0199999996 < x

   1. Initial program 56.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around inf 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x} + x\right)}\right), x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(x + 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      2. associate-*r/ 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \color{blue}{\frac{0.5 \cdot 1}{x}}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      3. metadata-eval 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \frac{\color{blue}{0.5}}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)}\right), x\right) \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-un-lft-identity 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. *-commutative 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) \cdot 1\right)}, x\right) \]

      3. log-prod 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \log 1}, x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 99.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      5. fabs-sqr 99.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{x} + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      7. metadata-eval 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{0}, x\right) \]

   6. Applied egg-rr 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + 0}, x\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-rgt-identity 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   8. Simplified 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(x \cdot -2 + 0.5 \cdot \frac{-1}{x}\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, x \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 5: 97.8% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(x \cdot -2\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -2.0)
   (copysign (- (log (* x -2.0))) x)
   (if (<= x 0.019999999552965164)
     (copysign (+ x (* -0.16666666666666666 (pow x 3.0))) x)
     (copysign (log (+ x (+ x (/ 0.5 x)))) x))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -2.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(-logf((x * -2.0f)), x);
	} else if (x <= 0.019999999552965164f) {
		tmp = copysignf((x + (-0.16666666666666666f * powf(x, 3.0f))), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((x + (x + (0.5f / x)))), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-2.0))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(-log(Float32(x * Float32(-2.0)))), x);
	elseif (x <= Float32(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(x + Float32(Float32(-0.16666666666666666) * (x ^ Float32(3.0)))), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x + Float32(x + Float32(Float32(0.5) / x)))), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-2.0))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(-log((x * single(-2.0))));
	elseif (x <= single(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs((x + (single(-0.16666666666666666) * (x ^ single(3.0)))));
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((x + (x + (single(0.5) / x)))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -2

   1. Initial program 48.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 48.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 10.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. log-div 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right)}, x\right) \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      8. fma-def 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      9. +-commutative 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x\right), x\right) \]

      10. hypot-1-def 7.7%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 7.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 44.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)\right)} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(1 + \color{blue}{0}\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{1} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{0} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      7. neg-sub0 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 98.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -2 < x < 0.0199999996

   1. Initial program 21.9%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt 10.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr 10.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 22.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      7. fma-def 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      9. hypot-1-def 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x}\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 21.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1 + \color{blue}{0}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 21.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3} + x}, x\right) \]

   if 0.0199999996 < x

   1. Initial program 56.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around inf 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x} + x\right)}\right), x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(x + 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      2. associate-*r/ 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \color{blue}{\frac{0.5 \cdot 1}{x}}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      3. metadata-eval 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \frac{\color{blue}{0.5}}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)}\right), x\right) \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-un-lft-identity 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. *-commutative 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) \cdot 1\right)}, x\right) \]

      3. log-prod 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \log 1}, x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 99.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      5. fabs-sqr 99.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{x} + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      7. metadata-eval 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{0}, x\right) \]

   6. Applied egg-rr 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + 0}, x\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-rgt-identity 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   8. Simplified 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 98.8%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(x \cdot -2\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 6: 97.8% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(x \cdot -2\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, x \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -2.0)
   (copysign (- (log (* x -2.0))) x)
   (if (<= x 0.019999999552965164)
     (copysign (fma (* x x) (* x -0.16666666666666666) x) x)
     (copysign (log (+ x (+ x (/ 0.5 x)))) x))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -2.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(-logf((x * -2.0f)), x);
	} else if (x <= 0.019999999552965164f) {
		tmp = copysignf(fmaf((x * x), (x * -0.16666666666666666f), x), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((x + (x + (0.5f / x)))), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-2.0))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(-log(Float32(x * Float32(-2.0)))), x);
	elseif (x <= Float32(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = copysign(fma(Float32(x * x), Float32(x * Float32(-0.16666666666666666)), x), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x + Float32(x + Float32(Float32(0.5) / x)))), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -2

   1. Initial program 48.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 48.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 10.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. log-div 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right)}, x\right) \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      8. fma-def 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      9. +-commutative 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x\right), x\right) \]

      10. hypot-1-def 7.7%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 7.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 44.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)\right)} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(1 + \color{blue}{0}\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{1} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{0} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      7. neg-sub0 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 98.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -2 < x < 0.0199999996

   1. Initial program 21.9%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt 10.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr 10.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 22.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      7. fma-def 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      9. hypot-1-def 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x}\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 21.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1 + \color{blue}{0}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 21.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3} + x}, x\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-commutative 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{{x}^{3} \cdot -0.16666666666666666} + x, x\right) \]

      2. unpow3 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x\right)} \cdot -0.16666666666666666 + x, x\right) \]

      3. associate-*l* 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(x \cdot -0.16666666666666666\right)} + x, x\right) \]

      4. fma-def 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, x \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right)}, x\right) \]

   8. Applied egg-rr 98.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, x \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if 0.0199999996 < x

   1. Initial program 56.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around inf 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x} + x\right)}\right), x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(x + 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)}\right), x\right) \]

      2. associate-*r/ 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \color{blue}{\frac{0.5 \cdot 1}{x}}\right)\right), x\right) \]

      3. metadata-eval 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \frac{\color{blue}{0.5}}{x}\right)\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \color{blue}{\left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)}\right), x\right) \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. *-un-lft-identity 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot \left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. *-commutative 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) \cdot 1\right)}, x\right) \]

      3. log-prod 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\left|x\right| + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \log 1}, x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 99.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      5. fabs-sqr 99.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{x} + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \log 1, x\right) \]

      7. metadata-eval 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + \color{blue}{0}, x\right) \]

   6. Applied egg-rr 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right) + 0}, x\right) \]
   7. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-rgt-identity 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   8. Simplified 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 98.8%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(x \cdot -2\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x \cdot x, x \cdot -0.16666666666666666, x\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + \left(x + \frac{0.5}{x}\right)\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 7: 97.4% accurate, 1.9× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(x \cdot -2\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -2.0)
   (copysign (- (log (* x -2.0))) x)
   (if (<= x 0.019999999552965164)
     (copysign (+ x (* -0.16666666666666666 (pow x 3.0))) x)
     (copysign (log (+ x x)) x))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -2.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(-logf((x * -2.0f)), x);
	} else if (x <= 0.019999999552965164f) {
		tmp = copysignf((x + (-0.16666666666666666f * powf(x, 3.0f))), x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((x + x)), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-2.0))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(-log(Float32(x * Float32(-2.0)))), x);
	elseif (x <= Float32(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(x + Float32(Float32(-0.16666666666666666) * (x ^ Float32(3.0)))), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x + x)), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-2.0))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(-log((x * single(-2.0))));
	elseif (x <= single(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs((x + (single(-0.16666666666666666) * (x ^ single(3.0)))));
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((x + x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -2

   1. Initial program 48.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 48.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 10.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. log-div 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right)}, x\right) \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      8. fma-def 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      9. +-commutative 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x\right), x\right) \]

      10. hypot-1-def 7.7%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 7.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 44.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)\right)} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(1 + \color{blue}{0}\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{1} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{0} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      7. neg-sub0 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 98.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -2 < x < 0.0199999996

   1. Initial program 21.9%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt 10.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr 10.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 22.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      7. fma-def 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 21.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      9. hypot-1-def 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x}\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 21.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1 + \color{blue}{0}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 21.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 21.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3} + x}, x\right) \]

   if 0.0199999996 < x

   1. Initial program 56.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around inf 97.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left|x\right| + x\right)}, x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. rem-square-sqrt 97.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + x\right), x\right) \]

      2. fabs-sqr 97.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + x\right), x\right) \]

      3. rem-square-sqrt 97.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{x} + x\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified 97.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(x + x\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(x \cdot -2\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 8: 78.5% accurate, 2.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -40:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(15.333333333333334, x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -40.0)
   (copysign 15.333333333333334 x)
   (if (<= x 0.019999999552965164) (copysign x x) (copysign (log (+ x x)) x))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -40.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(15.333333333333334f, x);
	} else if (x <= 0.019999999552965164f) {
		tmp = copysignf(x, x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((x + x)), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-40.0))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(15.333333333333334), x);
	elseif (x <= Float32(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = copysign(x, x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x + x)), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-40.0))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(single(15.333333333333334));
	elseif (x <= single(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(x);
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((x + x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -40

   1. Initial program 47.5%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around inf -0.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-*r/ -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{0.5 \cdot 1}{x}} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      2. metadata-eval -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{0.5}}{x} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      3. rem-square-sqrt -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      4. fabs-sqr -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      5. rem-square-sqrt -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\color{blue}{x} + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified -0.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(x + x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 -0.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{4 \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\log 0.5 + \left(-8 \cdot {x}^{4} + \left(21.333333333333332 \cdot {x}^{6} + -1 \cdot \log x\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   7. Simplified 26.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{15.333333333333334}, x\right) \]

   if -40 < x < 0.0199999996

   1. Initial program 22.5%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around 0 18.4%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. log1p-def 93.4%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. rem-square-sqrt 50.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr 50.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. rem-square-sqrt 93.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified 93.1%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 96.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{x}, x\right) \]

   if 0.0199999996 < x

   1. Initial program 56.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around inf 97.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left|x\right| + x\right)}, x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. rem-square-sqrt 97.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + x\right), x\right) \]

      2. fabs-sqr 97.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + x\right), x\right) \]

      3. rem-square-sqrt 97.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{x} + x\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified 97.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(x + x\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 81.3%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -40:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(15.333333333333334, x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 9: 97.0% accurate, 2.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -2.0)
   (copysign (log (/ -0.5 x)) x)
   (if (<= x 0.019999999552965164) (copysign x x) (copysign (log (+ x x)) x))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -2.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((-0.5f / x)), x);
	} else if (x <= 0.019999999552965164f) {
		tmp = copysignf(x, x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((x + x)), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-2.0))
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(Float32(-0.5) / x)), x);
	elseif (x <= Float32(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = copysign(x, x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x + x)), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-2.0))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((single(-0.5) / x)));
	elseif (x <= single(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(x);
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((x + x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -2

   1. Initial program 48.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 48.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 10.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. add-sqr-sqrt 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      7. fma-def 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      8. +-commutative 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x}\right), x\right) \]

      9. hypot-1-def 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x}\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 7.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 44.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{1 + \color{blue}{0}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{1}}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right), x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 98.5%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -2 < x < 0.0199999996

   1. Initial program 21.9%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around 0 18.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. log1p-def 93.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. rem-square-sqrt 51.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr 51.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. rem-square-sqrt 93.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified 93.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 97.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{x}, x\right) \]

   if 0.0199999996 < x

   1. Initial program 56.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around inf 97.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left|x\right| + x\right)}, x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. rem-square-sqrt 97.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + x\right), x\right) \]

      2. fabs-sqr 97.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + x\right), x\right) \]

      3. rem-square-sqrt 97.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{x} + x\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified 97.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(x + x\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 97.5%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 10: 96.9% accurate, 2.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(x \cdot -2\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -2.0)
   (copysign (- (log (* x -2.0))) x)
   (if (<= x 0.019999999552965164) (copysign x x) (copysign (log (+ x x)) x))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -2.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(-logf((x * -2.0f)), x);
	} else if (x <= 0.019999999552965164f) {
		tmp = copysignf(x, x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(logf((x + x)), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-2.0))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(-log(Float32(x * Float32(-2.0)))), x);
	elseif (x <= Float32(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = copysign(x, x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log(Float32(x + x)), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-2.0))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(-log((x * single(-2.0))));
	elseif (x <= single(0.019999999552965164))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(x);
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(log((x + x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -2

   1. Initial program 48.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. +-commutative 48.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. add-sqr-sqrt -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. add-sqr-sqrt 10.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} + \color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

      5. flip-+ 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x}{\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x}\right)}, x\right) \]

      6. log-div 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} \cdot \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right)}, x\right) \]

      7. add-sqr-sqrt 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      8. fma-def 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{x \cdot x + 1} - x\right), x\right) \]

      9. +-commutative 7.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}} - x\right), x\right) \]

      10. hypot-1-def 7.7%

          \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)} - x\right), x\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 7.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right) - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]
   4. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-udef 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x + 1\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      2. +-commutative 8.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + x \cdot x\right)} - x \cdot x\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      3. associate--l+ 44.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(x \cdot x - x \cdot x\right)\right)} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      4. +-inverses 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(1 + \color{blue}{0}\right) - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      5. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{1} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      6. metadata-eval 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{0} - \log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right), x\right) \]

      7. neg-sub0 99.9%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-\log \left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right) - x\right)}, x\right) \]

   6. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 98.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot x\right)}, x\right) \]

   if -2 < x < 0.0199999996

   1. Initial program 21.9%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around 0 18.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. log1p-def 93.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. rem-square-sqrt 51.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr 51.1%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. rem-square-sqrt 93.7%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified 93.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 97.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{x}, x\right) \]

   if 0.0199999996 < x

   1. Initial program 56.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around inf 97.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\left|x\right| + x\right)}, x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. rem-square-sqrt 97.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + x\right), x\right) \]

      2. fabs-sqr 97.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + x\right), x\right) \]

      3. rem-square-sqrt 97.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{x} + x\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified 97.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(x + x\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 97.5%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(-\log \left(x \cdot -2\right), x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.019999999552965164:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(x + x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 11: 63.7% accurate, 2.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(15.333333333333334, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -2.0) (copysign 15.333333333333334 x) (copysign (log1p x) x)))

C

float code(float x) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -2.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(15.333333333333334f, x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(log1pf(x), x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-2.0))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(15.333333333333334), x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(log1p(x), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < -2

   1. Initial program 48.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around inf -0.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-*r/ -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{0.5 \cdot 1}{x}} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      2. metadata-eval -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{0.5}}{x} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      3. rem-square-sqrt -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      4. fabs-sqr -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      5. rem-square-sqrt -0.0%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\color{blue}{x} + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified -0.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(x + x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 -0.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{4 \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\log 0.5 + \left(-8 \cdot {x}^{4} + \left(21.333333333333332 \cdot {x}^{6} + -1 \cdot \log x\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   7. Simplified 26.8%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{15.333333333333334}, x\right) \]

   if -2 < x

   1. Initial program 32.3%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around 0 26.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. log1p-def 78.6%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. rem-square-sqrt 48.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr 48.8%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. rem-square-sqrt 78.6%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified 78.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 66.8%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(15.333333333333334, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right), x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 12: 61.1% accurate, 3.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -40:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(15.333333333333334, x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 15:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(15.333333333333334, x\right)\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= x -40.0)
   (copysign 15.333333333333334 x)
   (if (<= x 15.0) (copysign x x) (copysign 15.333333333333334 x))))

C

float code(float x) {
	float tmp;
	if (x <= -40.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(15.333333333333334f, x);
	} else if (x <= 15.0f) {
		tmp = copysignf(x, x);
	} else {
		tmp = copysignf(15.333333333333334f, x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (x <= Float32(-40.0))
		tmp = copysign(Float32(15.333333333333334), x);
	elseif (x <= Float32(15.0))
		tmp = copysign(x, x);
	else
		tmp = copysign(Float32(15.333333333333334), x);
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (x <= single(-40.0))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(single(15.333333333333334));
	elseif (x <= single(15.0))
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(x);
	else
		tmp = sign(x) * abs(single(15.333333333333334));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < -40 or 15 < x

   1. Initial program 51.2%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around inf 50.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-*r/ 50.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{0.5 \cdot 1}{x}} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      2. metadata-eval 50.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{0.5}}{x} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      3. rem-square-sqrt 50.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      4. fabs-sqr 50.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

      5. rem-square-sqrt 50.3%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\color{blue}{x} + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified 50.3%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(x + x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 1.0%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{4 \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\log 0.5 + \left(-8 \cdot {x}^{4} + \left(21.333333333333332 \cdot {x}^{6} + -1 \cdot \log x\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

   7. Simplified 27.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{15.333333333333334}, x\right) \]

   if -40 < x < 15

   1. Initial program 23.6%

      \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

   2. Taylor expanded in x around 0 18.6%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\log \left(1 + \left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]
   3. Step-by-step derivation

      1. log1p-def 92.5%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right|\right)}, x\right) \]

      2. rem-square-sqrt 50.5%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right|\right), x\right) \]

      3. fabs-sqr 50.5%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right), x\right) \]

      4. rem-square-sqrt 92.2%

         \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\color{blue}{x}\right), x\right) \]

   4. Simplified 92.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{log1p}\left(x\right)}, x\right) \]

   5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 95.7%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{x}, x\right) \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 64.9%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -40:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(15.333333333333334, x\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 15:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(x, x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{copysign}\left(15.333333333333334, x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 13: 17.6% accurate, 4.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{copysign}\left(-6, x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (copysign -6.0 x))

C

float code(float x) {
	return copysignf(-6.0f, x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return copysign(Float32(-6.0), x)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = sign(x) * abs(single(-6.0));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 36.0%

   \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

2. Taylor expanded in x around inf 26.2%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r/ 26.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{0.5 \cdot 1}{x}} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

   2. metadata-eval 26.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{0.5}}{x} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

   3. rem-square-sqrt 26.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

   4. fabs-sqr 26.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

   5. rem-square-sqrt 26.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\color{blue}{x} + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

4. Simplified 26.2%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(x + x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 4.0%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{4 \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\log 0.5 + \left(-8 \cdot {x}^{4} + -1 \cdot \log x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

7. Simplified 16.7%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{-6}, x\right) \]

8. Final simplification 16.7%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(-6, x\right) \]

Alternative 14: 18.9% accurate, 4.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \mathsf{copysign}\left(15.333333333333334, x\right) \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary32 (copysign 15.333333333333334 x))

C

float code(float x) {
	return copysignf(15.333333333333334f, x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return copysign(Float32(15.333333333333334), x)
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = sign(x) * abs(single(15.333333333333334));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 36.0%

   \[\mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\left|x\right| + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right), x\right) \]

2. Taylor expanded in x around inf 26.2%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]
3. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r/ 26.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\color{blue}{\frac{0.5 \cdot 1}{x}} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

   2. metadata-eval 26.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{\color{blue}{0.5}}{x} + \left(\left|x\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

   3. rem-square-sqrt 26.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\left|\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}}\right| + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

   4. fabs-sqr 26.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\color{blue}{\sqrt{x} \cdot \sqrt{x}} + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

   5. rem-square-sqrt 26.2%

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(\color{blue}{x} + x\right)\right), x\right) \]

4. Simplified 26.2%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{0.5}{x} + \left(x + x\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

5. Taylor expanded in x around 0 3.4%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{4 \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\log 0.5 + \left(-8 \cdot {x}^{4} + \left(21.333333333333332 \cdot {x}^{6} + -1 \cdot \log x\right)\right)\right)}, x\right) \]

7. Simplified 17.9%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(\color{blue}{15.333333333333334}, x\right) \]

8. Final simplification 17.9%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{copysign}\left(15.333333333333334, x\right) \]

Developer target: 99.6% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{1}{\left|x\right|}\\ \mathsf{copysign}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\left|x\right| + \frac{\left|x\right|}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, t_0\right) + t_0}\right), x\right) \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (/ 1.0 (fabs x))))
   (copysign (log1p (+ (fabs x) (/ (fabs x) (+ (hypot 1.0 t_0) t_0)))) x)))

C

float code(float x) {
	float t_0 = 1.0f / fabsf(x);
	return copysignf(log1pf((fabsf(x) + (fabsf(x) / (hypotf(1.0f, t_0) + t_0)))), x);
}

Julia

function code(x)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(1.0) / abs(x))
	return copysign(log1p(Float32(abs(x) + Float32(abs(x) / Float32(hypot(Float32(1.0), t_0) + t_0)))), x)
end

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2023178 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Rust f32::asinh"
  :precision binary32

  :herbie-target
  (copysign (log1p (+ (fabs x) (/ (fabs x) (+ (hypot 1.0 (/ 1.0 (fabs x))) (/ 1.0 (fabs x)))))) x)

  (copysign (log (+ (fabs x) (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))) x))