
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
Sampling outcomes in binary64 precision:
Herbie found 10 alternatives:
| Alternative | Accuracy | Speedup |
|---|
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{e^{x} - e^{-x}}{2}
\end{array}
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (- (exp x) (exp (- x)))))
(if (or (<= t_0 (- INFINITY)) (not (<= t_0 0.1)))
(/ t_0 2.0)
(/
(fma
x
(+ 2.0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)))
(+
(* 0.016666666666666666 (pow x 5.0))
(* 0.0003968253968253968 (pow x 7.0))))
2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -((double) INFINITY)) || !(t_0 <= 0.1)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = fma(x, (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333))), ((0.016666666666666666 * pow(x, 5.0)) + (0.0003968253968253968 * pow(x, 7.0)))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) tmp = 0.0 if ((t_0 <= Float64(-Inf)) || !(t_0 <= 0.1)) tmp = Float64(t_0 / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(fma(x, Float64(2.0 + Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333))), Float64(Float64(0.016666666666666666 * (x ^ 5.0)) + Float64(0.0003968253968253968 * (x ^ 7.0)))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[t$95$0, (-Infinity)], N[Not[LessEqual[t$95$0, 0.1]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(t$95$0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(0.016666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(0.0003968253968253968 * N[Power[x, 7.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{x} - e^{-x}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -\infty \lor \neg \left(t_0 \leq 0.1\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, 2 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right), 0.016666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{5} + 0.0003968253968253968 \cdot {x}^{7}\right)}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < -inf.0 or 0.10000000000000001 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) Initial program 100.0%
if -inf.0 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < 0.10000000000000001Initial program 9.2%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
associate-+r+100.0%
unpow3100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
fma-def100.0%
+-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
fma-def100.0%
+-commutative100.0%
fma-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
fma-udef100.0%
Applied egg-rr100.0%
fma-udef100.0%
Applied egg-rr100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (- (exp x) (exp (- x)))))
(if (or (<= t_0 (- INFINITY)) (not (<= t_0 0.02)))
(/ t_0 2.0)
(/
(+
(* x 2.0)
(+
(* 0.016666666666666666 (pow x 5.0))
(* 0.3333333333333333 (pow x 3.0))))
2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -((double) INFINITY)) || !(t_0 <= 0.02)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = ((x * 2.0) + ((0.016666666666666666 * pow(x, 5.0)) + (0.3333333333333333 * pow(x, 3.0)))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY) || !(t_0 <= 0.02)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = ((x * 2.0) + ((0.016666666666666666 * Math.pow(x, 5.0)) + (0.3333333333333333 * Math.pow(x, 3.0)))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x) tmp = 0 if (t_0 <= -math.inf) or not (t_0 <= 0.02): tmp = t_0 / 2.0 else: tmp = ((x * 2.0) + ((0.016666666666666666 * math.pow(x, 5.0)) + (0.3333333333333333 * math.pow(x, 3.0)))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) tmp = 0.0 if ((t_0 <= Float64(-Inf)) || !(t_0 <= 0.02)) tmp = Float64(t_0 / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) + Float64(Float64(0.016666666666666666 * (x ^ 5.0)) + Float64(0.3333333333333333 * (x ^ 3.0)))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x); tmp = 0.0; if ((t_0 <= -Inf) || ~((t_0 <= 0.02))) tmp = t_0 / 2.0; else tmp = ((x * 2.0) + ((0.016666666666666666 * (x ^ 5.0)) + (0.3333333333333333 * (x ^ 3.0)))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[t$95$0, (-Infinity)], N[Not[LessEqual[t$95$0, 0.02]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(t$95$0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(0.016666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{x} - e^{-x}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -\infty \lor \neg \left(t_0 \leq 0.02\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot 2 + \left(0.016666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{5} + 0.3333333333333333 \cdot {x}^{3}\right)}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < -inf.0 or 0.0200000000000000004 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) Initial program 100.0%
if -inf.0 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < 0.0200000000000000004Initial program 8.6%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (- (exp x) (exp (- x)))))
(if (or (<= t_0 (- INFINITY)) (not (<= t_0 1e-13)))
(/ t_0 2.0)
(/ (* x (+ 2.0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)))) 2.0))))
double code(double x) {
double t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -((double) INFINITY)) || !(t_0 <= 1e-13)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
public static double code(double x) {
double t_0 = Math.exp(x) - Math.exp(-x);
double tmp;
if ((t_0 <= -Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY) || !(t_0 <= 1e-13)) {
tmp = t_0 / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): t_0 = math.exp(x) - math.exp(-x) tmp = 0 if (t_0 <= -math.inf) or not (t_0 <= 1e-13): tmp = t_0 / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) t_0 = Float64(exp(x) - exp(Float64(-x))) tmp = 0.0 if ((t_0 <= Float64(-Inf)) || !(t_0 <= 1e-13)) tmp = Float64(t_0 / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) t_0 = exp(x) - exp(-x); tmp = 0.0; if ((t_0 <= -Inf) || ~((t_0 <= 1e-13))) tmp = t_0 / 2.0; else tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[Or[LessEqual[t$95$0, (-Infinity)], N[Not[LessEqual[t$95$0, 1e-13]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(t$95$0 / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := e^{x} - e^{-x}\\
\mathbf{if}\;t_0 \leq -\infty \lor \neg \left(t_0 \leq 10^{-13}\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(2 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\right)}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < -inf.0 or 1e-13 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) Initial program 99.9%
if -inf.0 < (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) (exp.f64 (neg.f64 x))) < 1e-13Initial program 7.9%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 100.0%
unpow3100.0%
associate-*r*100.0%
distribute-rgt-out100.0%
*-commutative100.0%
+-commutative100.0%
associate-*l*100.0%
fma-def100.0%
Simplified100.0%
fma-udef100.0%
Applied egg-rr100.0%
Final simplification100.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (+ (* 0.016666666666666666 (pow x 5.0)) (* x 2.0)) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return ((0.016666666666666666 * pow(x, 5.0)) + (x * 2.0)) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = ((0.016666666666666666d0 * (x ** 5.0d0)) + (x * 2.0d0)) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return ((0.016666666666666666 * Math.pow(x, 5.0)) + (x * 2.0)) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return ((0.016666666666666666 * math.pow(x, 5.0)) + (x * 2.0)) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(Float64(0.016666666666666666 * (x ^ 5.0)) + Float64(x * 2.0)) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = ((0.016666666666666666 * (x ^ 5.0)) + (x * 2.0)) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[(0.016666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 5.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{0.016666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{5} + x \cdot 2}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 53.5%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 93.9%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 93.3%
Final simplification93.3%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (if (or (<= x -2.4) (not (<= x 2.45))) (/ (* x (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x))) 2.0) (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0)))
double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.4) || !(x <= 2.45)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
real(8) :: tmp
if ((x <= (-2.4d0)) .or. (.not. (x <= 2.45d0))) then
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x))) / 2.0d0
else
tmp = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end if
code = tmp
end function
public static double code(double x) {
double tmp;
if ((x <= -2.4) || !(x <= 2.45)) {
tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0;
} else {
tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
return tmp;
}
def code(x): tmp = 0 if (x <= -2.4) or not (x <= 2.45): tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0 else: tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0 return tmp
function code(x) tmp = 0.0 if ((x <= -2.4) || !(x <= 2.45)) tmp = Float64(Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x))) / 2.0); else tmp = Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0); end return tmp end
function tmp_2 = code(x) tmp = 0.0; if ((x <= -2.4) || ~((x <= 2.45))) tmp = (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x))) / 2.0; else tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[x_] := If[Or[LessEqual[x, -2.4], N[Not[LessEqual[x, 2.45]], $MachinePrecision]], N[(N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \leq -2.4 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 2.45\right):\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
if x < -2.39999999999999991 or 2.4500000000000002 < x Initial program 100.0%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 72.1%
unpow372.1%
associate-*r*72.1%
distribute-rgt-out72.1%
*-commutative72.1%
+-commutative72.1%
associate-*l*72.1%
fma-def72.1%
Simplified72.1%
Taylor expanded in x around inf 72.1%
unpow272.1%
Simplified72.1%
if -2.39999999999999991 < x < 2.4500000000000002Initial program 9.9%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 98.4%
Final simplification85.6%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (+ (* x 2.0) (* x (* 0.3333333333333333 (* x x)))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return ((x * 2.0) + (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = ((x * 2.0d0) + (x * (0.3333333333333333d0 * (x * x)))) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return ((x * 2.0) + (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return ((x * 2.0) + (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) + Float64(x * Float64(0.3333333333333333 * Float64(x * x)))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = ((x * 2.0) + (x * (0.3333333333333333 * (x * x)))) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * N[(0.3333333333333333 * N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot 2 + x \cdot \left(0.3333333333333333 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\right)}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 53.5%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 86.0%
unpow386.0%
associate-*r*86.0%
distribute-rgt-out86.0%
*-commutative86.0%
+-commutative86.0%
associate-*l*86.0%
fma-def86.0%
Simplified86.0%
fma-udef86.0%
distribute-rgt-in86.0%
associate-*r*86.0%
Applied egg-rr86.0%
Final simplification86.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x (+ 2.0 (* x (* x 0.3333333333333333)))) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * (2.0d0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333d0)))) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * Float64(2.0 + Float64(x * Float64(x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * (2.0 + (x * (x * 0.3333333333333333)))) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * N[(2.0 + N[(x * N[(x * 0.3333333333333333), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot \left(2 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.3333333333333333\right)\right)}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 53.5%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 86.0%
unpow386.0%
associate-*r*86.0%
distribute-rgt-out86.0%
*-commutative86.0%
+-commutative86.0%
associate-*l*86.0%
fma-def86.0%
Simplified86.0%
fma-udef95.6%
Applied egg-rr86.0%
Final simplification86.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (* x 2.0) 2.0))
double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = (x * 2.0d0) / 2.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return (x * 2.0) / 2.0;
}
def code(x): return (x * 2.0) / 2.0
function code(x) return Float64(Float64(x * 2.0) / 2.0) end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = (x * 2.0) / 2.0; end
code[x_] := N[(N[(x * 2.0), $MachinePrecision] / 2.0), $MachinePrecision]
\begin{array}{l}
\\
\frac{x \cdot 2}{2}
\end{array}
Initial program 53.5%
Taylor expanded in x around 0 53.6%
Final simplification53.6%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 -1.0)
double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = -1.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return -1.0;
}
def code(x): return -1.0
function code(x) return -1.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = -1.0; end
code[x_] := -1.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
-1
\end{array}
Initial program 53.5%
Applied egg-rr3.0%
Final simplification3.0%
(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 0.0)
double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
real(8) function code(x)
real(8), intent (in) :: x
code = 0.0d0
end function
public static double code(double x) {
return 0.0;
}
def code(x): return 0.0
function code(x) return 0.0 end
function tmp = code(x) tmp = 0.0; end
code[x_] := 0.0
\begin{array}{l}
\\
0
\end{array}
Initial program 53.5%
Applied egg-rr3.5%
Final simplification3.5%
herbie shell --seed 2023176
(FPCore (x)
:name "Hyperbolic sine"
:precision binary64
(/ (- (exp x) (exp (- x))) 2.0))