UniformSampleCone, x

Percentage Accurate: 57.0% → 99.0%

Time: 16.8s

Alternatives: 16

Speedup: 3.1×

Specification

\[\left(\left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq ux \land ux \leq 1\right) \land \left(2.328306437 \cdot 10^{-10} \leq uy \land uy \leq 1\right)\right) \land \left(0 \leq maxCos \land maxCos \leq 1\right)\]

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - t_0 \cdot t_0} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos))))
   (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* t_0 t_0))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = (1.0f - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((1.0f - (t_0 * t_0)));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) + Float32(ux * maxCos))
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(t_0 * t_0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = (single(1.0) - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	tmp = cos(((uy * single(2.0)) * single(pi))) * sqrt((single(1.0) - (t_0 * t_0)));
end

Initial Program: 57.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\\ \cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - t_0 \cdot t_0} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos))))
   (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* t_0 t_0))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = (1.0f - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	return cosf(((uy * 2.0f) * ((float) M_PI))) * sqrtf((1.0f - (t_0 * t_0)));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - ux) + Float32(ux * maxCos))
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)) * Float32(pi))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(t_0 * t_0))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = (single(1.0) - ux) + (ux * maxCos);
	tmp = cos(((uy * single(2.0)) * single(pi))) * sqrt((single(1.0) - (t_0 * t_0)));
end

Alternative 1: 99.0% accurate, 0.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, {\left(1 - maxCos\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(-ux\right)\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (cos (* uy (* 2.0 PI)))
  (sqrt
   (fma (fma maxCos -2.0 2.0) ux (* (pow (- 1.0 maxCos) 2.0) (* ux (- ux)))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf((uy * (2.0f * ((float) M_PI)))) * sqrtf(fmaf(fmaf(maxCos, -2.0f, 2.0f), ux, (powf((1.0f - maxCos), 2.0f) * (ux * -ux))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(uy * Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)))) * sqrt(fma(fma(maxCos, Float32(-2.0), Float32(2.0)), ux, Float32((Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos) ^ Float32(2.0)) * Float32(ux * Float32(-ux))))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.3%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*l* 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. +-commutative 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   3. associate-+r- 56.2%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   4. fma-def 56.2%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   5. +-commutative 56.2%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}} \]

   6. associate-+r- 56.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}} \]

   7. fma-def 56.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux\right)} \]

3. Simplified 56.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right)}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in ux around -inf 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right) + -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. metadata-eval 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\left(-2\right)} \cdot maxCos\right) + -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)} \]

   2. cancel-sign-sub-inv 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} + -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)} \]

   3. *-commutative 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux} + -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)} \]

   4. fma-def 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos, ux, -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]

   5. cancel-sign-sub-inv 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{2 + \left(-2\right) \cdot maxCos}, ux, -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   6. metadata-eval 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos, ux, -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   7. +-commutative 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{-2 \cdot maxCos + 2}, ux, -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   8. *-commutative 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{maxCos \cdot -2} + 2, ux, -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   9. fma-def 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)}, ux, -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   10. mul-1-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, \color{blue}{-{ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}}\right)} \]

   11. distribute-rgt-neg-in 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, \color{blue}{{ux}^{2} \cdot \left(-{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)}\right)} \]

   12. unpow2 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \left(-{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   13. mul-1-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(-{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(-maxCos\right)}\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   14. sub-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(-{\color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

6. Simplified 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(-{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]

7. Final simplification 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, {\left(1 - maxCos\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(-ux\right)\right)\right)} \]

Alternative 2: 99.0% accurate, 0.6× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} t_0 := 1 - \left(maxCos + \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right)\\ \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{t_0 \cdot \left(t_0 \cdot t_0\right)}} \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (let* ((t_0 (- 1.0 (+ maxCos (+ maxCos -1.0)))))
   (*
    (cos (* uy (* 2.0 PI)))
    (sqrt
     (+
      (* (* (- 1.0 maxCos) (pow ux 2.0)) (+ maxCos -1.0))
      (* ux (cbrt (* t_0 (* t_0 t_0)))))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float t_0 = 1.0f - (maxCos + (maxCos + -1.0f));
	return cosf((uy * (2.0f * ((float) M_PI)))) * sqrtf(((((1.0f - maxCos) * powf(ux, 2.0f)) * (maxCos + -1.0f)) + (ux * cbrtf((t_0 * (t_0 * t_0))))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	t_0 = Float32(Float32(1.0) - Float32(maxCos + Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0))))
	return Float32(cos(Float32(uy * Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos) * (ux ^ Float32(2.0))) * Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0))) + Float32(ux * cbrt(Float32(t_0 * Float32(t_0 * t_0)))))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.3%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*l* 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   5. fma-def 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. +-commutative 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r- 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   8. fma-def 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   9. neg-sub0 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   10. +-commutative 56.3%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   11. associate-+r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   12. associate--r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

   14. +-commutative 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   16. fma-def 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

3. Simplified 56.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. add-cbrt-cube 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}}} \]

   2. associate--l+ 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   3. mul-1-neg 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   4. sub-neg 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   5. metadata-eval 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   6. associate--l+ 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   7. mul-1-neg 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   8. sub-neg 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   9. metadata-eval 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   10. associate--l+ 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}} \]

   11. mul-1-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   12. sub-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   13. metadata-eval 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

6. Applied egg-rr 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}} \]

7. Final simplification 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(1 - \left(maxCos + \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - \left(maxCos + \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 - \left(maxCos + \left(maxCos + -1\right)\right)\right)\right)}} \]

Alternative 3: 99.0% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + ux \cdot \left(2 + maxCos \cdot -2\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (cos (* uy (* 2.0 PI)))
  (sqrt
   (+
    (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (* (* ux ux) (- 1.0 maxCos)))
    (* ux (+ 2.0 (* maxCos -2.0)))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf((uy * (2.0f * ((float) M_PI)))) * sqrtf((((maxCos + -1.0f) * ((ux * ux) * (1.0f - maxCos))) + (ux * (2.0f + (maxCos * -2.0f)))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(uy * Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(Float32(ux * ux) * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos))) + Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) + Float32(maxCos * Float32(-2.0)))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = cos((uy * (single(2.0) * single(pi)))) * sqrt((((maxCos + single(-1.0)) * ((ux * ux) * (single(1.0) - maxCos))) + (ux * (single(2.0) + (maxCos * single(-2.0))))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.3%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*l* 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   5. fma-def 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. +-commutative 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r- 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   8. fma-def 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   9. neg-sub0 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   10. +-commutative 56.3%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   11. associate-+r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   12. associate--r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

   14. +-commutative 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   16. fma-def 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

3. Simplified 56.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)}} \]

6. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left({ux}^{2} + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos \cdot {ux}^{2}\right)\right)} + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*r* 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left({ux}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}}\right) + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]

   2. neg-mul-1 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left({ux}^{2} + \color{blue}{\left(-maxCos\right)} \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]

   3. distribute-rgt1-in 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(-maxCos\right) + 1\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right)} + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]

   4. +-commutative 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-maxCos\right)\right)} \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]

   5. sub-neg 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)} \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]

   6. unpow2 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot ux\right)}\right) + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]

8. Simplified 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot ux\right)\right)} + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]

9. Final simplification 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(\left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + ux \cdot \left(2 + maxCos \cdot -2\right)} \]

Alternative 4: 98.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(\pi \cdot \left(uy \cdot 2\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \left(\left(2 - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (cos (* PI (* uy 2.0)))
  (sqrt
   (*
    ux
    (+ (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (* ux (- 1.0 maxCos))) (- (- 2.0 maxCos) maxCos))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf((((float) M_PI) * (uy * 2.0f))) * sqrtf((ux * (((maxCos + -1.0f) * (ux * (1.0f - maxCos))) + ((2.0f - maxCos) - maxCos))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)))) * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos))) + Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) - maxCos) - maxCos)))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = cos((single(pi) * (uy * single(2.0)))) * sqrt((ux * (((maxCos + single(-1.0)) * (ux * (single(1.0) - maxCos))) + ((single(2.0) - maxCos) - maxCos))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.3%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*l* 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   5. fma-def 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. +-commutative 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r- 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   8. fma-def 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   9. neg-sub0 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   10. +-commutative 56.3%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   11. associate-+r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   12. associate--r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

   14. +-commutative 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   16. fma-def 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

3. Simplified 56.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. add-cbrt-cube 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}}} \]

   2. associate--l+ 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   3. mul-1-neg 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   4. sub-neg 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   5. metadata-eval 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   6. associate--l+ 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   7. mul-1-neg 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   8. sub-neg 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   9. metadata-eval 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   10. associate--l+ 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}} \]

   11. mul-1-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   12. sub-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   13. metadata-eval 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

6. Applied egg-rr 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. expm1-log1p-u 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}\right)\right)} \]

   2. expm1-udef 80.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}\right)} - 1} \]

8. Applied egg-rr 80.9%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{\mathsf{log1p}\left(\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos + -1, \left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot ux\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(\left(-maxCos\right) + 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)}\right)} - 1} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. expm1-def 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos + -1, \left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot ux\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(\left(-maxCos\right) + 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)}\right)\right)} \]

   2. expm1-log1p 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos + -1, \left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot ux\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(\left(-maxCos\right) + 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)}} \]

   3. *-commutative 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot uy\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos + -1, \left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot ux\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(\left(-maxCos\right) + 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   4. *-commutative 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot 2\right)} \cdot uy\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos + -1, \left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot ux\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(\left(-maxCos\right) + 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   5. associate-*l* 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(\pi \cdot \left(2 \cdot uy\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos + -1, \left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot ux\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(\left(-maxCos\right) + 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   6. fma-udef 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(\pi \cdot \left(2 \cdot uy\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot ux\right)\right) + ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(\left(-maxCos\right) + 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

10. Simplified 98.9%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(\pi \cdot \left(2 \cdot uy\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right) + \left(\left(2 - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

11. Final simplification 98.9%

    \[\leadsto \cos \left(\pi \cdot \left(uy \cdot 2\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) + \left(\left(2 - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

Alternative 5: 97.7% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + maxCos \cdot -2\right) + \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (*
  (cos (* uy (* 2.0 PI)))
  (sqrt (+ (* ux (+ 2.0 (* maxCos -2.0))) (* (* ux ux) (+ maxCos -1.0))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf((uy * (2.0f * ((float) M_PI)))) * sqrtf(((ux * (2.0f + (maxCos * -2.0f))) + ((ux * ux) * (maxCos + -1.0f))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(uy * Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) + Float32(maxCos * Float32(-2.0)))) + Float32(Float32(ux * ux) * Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = cos((uy * (single(2.0) * single(pi)))) * sqrt(((ux * (single(2.0) + (maxCos * single(-2.0)))) + ((ux * ux) * (maxCos + single(-1.0)))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.3%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*l* 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   5. fma-def 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. +-commutative 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r- 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   8. fma-def 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   9. neg-sub0 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   10. +-commutative 56.3%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   11. associate-+r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   12. associate--r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

   14. +-commutative 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   16. fma-def 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

3. Simplified 56.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)}} \]

6. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{{ux}^{2}} + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. unpow2 98.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot ux\right)} + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]

8. Simplified 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot ux\right)} + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]

9. Final simplification 98.3%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + maxCos \cdot -2\right) + \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right)} \]

Alternative 6: 95.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;maxCos \leq 9.999999974752427 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= maxCos 9.999999974752427e-7)
   (* (cos (* 2.0 (* uy PI))) (sqrt (* ux (- 2.0 ux))))
   (* (cos (* uy (* 2.0 PI))) (sqrt (* ux (- 2.0 (* 2.0 maxCos)))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float tmp;
	if (maxCos <= 9.999999974752427e-7f) {
		tmp = cosf((2.0f * (uy * ((float) M_PI)))) * sqrtf((ux * (2.0f - ux)));
	} else {
		tmp = cosf((uy * (2.0f * ((float) M_PI)))) * sqrtf((ux * (2.0f - (2.0f * maxCos))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (maxCos <= Float32(9.999999974752427e-7))
		tmp = Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(uy * Float32(pi)))) * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) - ux))));
	else
		tmp = Float32(cos(Float32(uy * Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)))) * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) - Float32(Float32(2.0) * maxCos)))));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (maxCos <= single(9.999999974752427e-7))
		tmp = cos((single(2.0) * (uy * single(pi)))) * sqrt((ux * (single(2.0) - ux)));
	else
		tmp = cos((uy * (single(2.0) * single(pi)))) * sqrt((ux * (single(2.0) - (single(2.0) * maxCos))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if maxCos < 9.99999997e-7

   1. Initial program 56.9%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-*l* 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      2. sub-neg 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

      3. +-commutative 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

      4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

      5. fma-def 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

      6. +-commutative 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

      7. associate-+r- 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

      8. fma-def 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

      9. neg-sub0 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      10. +-commutative 56.9%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      11. associate-+r- 56.9%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      12. associate--r- 56.9%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

      13. neg-sub0 56.9%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

      14. +-commutative 56.9%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      15. sub-neg 56.9%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      16. fma-def 56.9%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   3. Simplified 56.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. add-cube-cbrt 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\pi} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\pi}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\pi}\right)}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]

   7. Applied egg-rr 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\pi} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\pi}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\pi}\right)}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]

   8. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{-1 \cdot {ux}^{2} + 2 \cdot ux}} \]
   9. Step-by-step derivation

      1. mul-1-neg 99.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-{ux}^{2}\right)} + 2 \cdot ux} \]

      2. unpow2 99.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(-\color{blue}{ux \cdot ux}\right) + 2 \cdot ux} \]

      3. distribute-lft-neg-in 99.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-ux\right) \cdot ux} + 2 \cdot ux} \]

      4. mul-1-neg 99.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot ux\right)} \cdot ux + 2 \cdot ux} \]

      5. distribute-rgt-in 99.0%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot ux + 2\right)}} \]

      6. +-commutative 99.0%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

      7. mul-1-neg 99.0%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\left(-ux\right)}\right)} \]

      8. unsub-neg 99.0%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 - ux\right)}} \]

   10. Simplified 99.0%

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}} \]

   if 9.99999997e-7 < maxCos

   1. Initial program 52.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-*l* 52.4%

         \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative 52.4%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      3. associate-+r- 51.6%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      4. fma-def 51.6%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      5. +-commutative 51.6%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}} \]

      6. associate-+r- 50.7%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}} \]

      7. fma-def 50.7%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux\right)} \]

   3. Simplified 50.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right)}} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 83.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 96.9%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;maxCos \leq 9.999999974752427 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 7: 95.3% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;maxCos \leq 9.999999974752427 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\pi \cdot \left(uy \cdot 2\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot ux - ux \cdot ux}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= maxCos 9.999999974752427e-7)
   (* (cos (* PI (* uy 2.0))) (sqrt (- (* 2.0 ux) (* ux ux))))
   (* (cos (* uy (* 2.0 PI))) (sqrt (* ux (- 2.0 (* 2.0 maxCos)))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float tmp;
	if (maxCos <= 9.999999974752427e-7f) {
		tmp = cosf((((float) M_PI) * (uy * 2.0f))) * sqrtf(((2.0f * ux) - (ux * ux)));
	} else {
		tmp = cosf((uy * (2.0f * ((float) M_PI)))) * sqrtf((ux * (2.0f - (2.0f * maxCos))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (maxCos <= Float32(9.999999974752427e-7))
		tmp = Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(pi) * Float32(uy * Float32(2.0)))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux) - Float32(ux * ux))));
	else
		tmp = Float32(cos(Float32(uy * Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)))) * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) - Float32(Float32(2.0) * maxCos)))));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp_2 = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = single(0.0);
	if (maxCos <= single(9.999999974752427e-7))
		tmp = cos((single(pi) * (uy * single(2.0)))) * sqrt(((single(2.0) * ux) - (ux * ux)));
	else
		tmp = cos((uy * (single(2.0) * single(pi)))) * sqrt((ux * (single(2.0) - (single(2.0) * maxCos))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if maxCos < 9.99999997e-7

   1. Initial program 56.9%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-*l* 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      3. associate-+r- 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      4. fma-def 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      5. +-commutative 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}} \]

      6. associate-+r- 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}} \]

      7. fma-def 56.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux\right)} \]

   3. Simplified 56.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right)}} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in ux around -inf 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 + -2 \cdot maxCos\right) + -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)}} \]
   5. Step-by-step derivation

      1. metadata-eval 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\left(-2\right)} \cdot maxCos\right) + -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)} \]

      2. cancel-sign-sub-inv 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)} + -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)} \]

      3. *-commutative 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux} + -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)} \]

      4. fma-def 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos, ux, -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]

      5. cancel-sign-sub-inv 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{2 + \left(-2\right) \cdot maxCos}, ux, -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      6. metadata-eval 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(2 + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos, ux, -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      7. +-commutative 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{-2 \cdot maxCos + 2}, ux, -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      8. *-commutative 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{maxCos \cdot -2} + 2, ux, -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      9. fma-def 99.3%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)}, ux, -1 \cdot \left({ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      10. mul-1-neg 99.3%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, \color{blue}{-{ux}^{2} \cdot {\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}}\right)} \]

      11. distribute-rgt-neg-in 99.3%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, \color{blue}{{ux}^{2} \cdot \left(-{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)}\right)} \]

      12. unpow2 99.3%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \left(-{\left(1 + -1 \cdot maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      13. mul-1-neg 99.3%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(-{\left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(-maxCos\right)}\right)}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

      14. sub-neg 99.3%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(-{\color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}}^{2}\right)\right)} \]

   6. Simplified 99.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right), ux, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(-{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}^{2}\right)\right)}} \]

   7. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{-1 \cdot {ux}^{2} + 2 \cdot ux}} \]
   8. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-*r* 99.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 \cdot uy\right) \cdot \pi\right)} \cdot \sqrt{-1 \cdot {ux}^{2} + 2 \cdot ux} \]

      2. +-commutative 99.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot uy\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot ux + -1 \cdot {ux}^{2}}} \]

      3. mul-1-neg 99.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot uy\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot ux + \color{blue}{\left(-{ux}^{2}\right)}} \]

      4. unsub-neg 99.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot uy\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot ux - {ux}^{2}}} \]

      5. unpow2 99.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(\left(2 \cdot uy\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot ux - \color{blue}{ux \cdot ux}} \]

   9. Simplified 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(\left(2 \cdot uy\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot ux - ux \cdot ux}} \]

   if 9.99999997e-7 < maxCos

   1. Initial program 52.4%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-*l* 52.4%

         \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative 52.4%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      3. associate-+r- 51.6%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      4. fma-def 51.6%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      5. +-commutative 51.6%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}} \]

      6. associate-+r- 50.7%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}} \]

      7. fma-def 50.7%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux\right)} \]

   3. Simplified 50.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right)}} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 83.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 97.0%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;maxCos \leq 9.999999974752427 \cdot 10^{-7}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(\pi \cdot \left(uy \cdot 2\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot ux - ux \cdot ux}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 8: 89.2% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;uy \leq 0.00039999998989515007:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot ux}\\ \end{array} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (if (<= uy 0.00039999998989515007)
   (sqrt
    (fma
     (- 1.0 maxCos)
     (* (* ux ux) (+ maxCos -1.0))
     (* ux (+ 1.0 (- (- 1.0 maxCos) maxCos)))))
   (* (cos (* uy (* 2.0 PI))) (sqrt (* 2.0 ux)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	float tmp;
	if (uy <= 0.00039999998989515007f) {
		tmp = sqrtf(fmaf((1.0f - maxCos), ((ux * ux) * (maxCos + -1.0f)), (ux * (1.0f + ((1.0f - maxCos) - maxCos)))));
	} else {
		tmp = cosf((uy * (2.0f * ((float) M_PI)))) * sqrtf((2.0f * ux));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = Float32(0.0)
	if (uy <= Float32(0.00039999998989515007))
		tmp = sqrt(fma(Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos), Float32(Float32(ux * ux) * Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0))), Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos) - maxCos)))));
	else
		tmp = Float32(cos(Float32(uy * Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(pi)))) * sqrt(Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux)));
	end
	return tmp
end

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if uy < 3.9999999e-4

   1. Initial program 57.1%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-*l* 57.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      2. sub-neg 57.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

      3. +-commutative 57.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

      4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 57.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

      5. fma-def 57.2%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

      6. +-commutative 57.2%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

      7. associate-+r- 57.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

      8. fma-def 57.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

      9. neg-sub0 57.1%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      10. +-commutative 57.1%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      11. associate-+r- 57.0%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      12. associate--r- 57.0%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

      13. neg-sub0 57.0%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

      14. +-commutative 57.0%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      15. sub-neg 57.0%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

      16. fma-def 57.0%

          \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   3. Simplified 57.0%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in uy around 0 56.8%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + \left(ux - \left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 98.7%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]
   6. Step-by-step derivation

      1. fma-def 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}, ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

      2. *-commutative 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \color{blue}{{ux}^{2} \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}, ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      3. unpow2 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right), ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      4. sub-neg 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}, ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      5. metadata-eval 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right), ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      6. neg-mul-1 98.7%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

      7. associate--l+ 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}\right)} \]

      8. neg-sub0 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

      9. associate-+l- 98.8%

         \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

      10. neg-sub0 98.8%

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(-maxCos\right)} + 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

      11. +-commutative 98.8%

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-maxCos\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

      12. sub-neg 98.8%

          \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   7. Simplified 98.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)}} \]

   if 3.9999999e-4 < uy

   1. Initial program 54.9%

      \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
   2. Step-by-step derivation

      1. associate-*l* 54.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      2. +-commutative 54.9%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      3. associate-+r- 54.7%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      4. fma-def 54.7%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

      5. +-commutative 54.7%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}} \]

      6. associate-+r- 54.6%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}} \]

      7. fma-def 54.6%

         \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux\right)} \]

   3. Simplified 54.6%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right) \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux\right)}} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 45.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(2 \cdot maxCos - 2\right) \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 73.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot ux}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 89.5%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;uy \leq 0.00039999998989515007:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot ux}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 9: 92.9% accurate, 1.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (* (cos (* 2.0 (* uy PI))) (sqrt (* ux (- 2.0 ux)))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return cosf((2.0f * (uy * ((float) M_PI)))) * sqrtf((ux * (2.0f - ux)));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return Float32(cos(Float32(Float32(2.0) * Float32(uy * Float32(pi)))) * sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) - ux))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = cos((single(2.0) * (uy * single(pi)))) * sqrt((ux * (single(2.0) - ux)));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.3%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*l* 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   5. fma-def 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. +-commutative 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r- 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   8. fma-def 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   9. neg-sub0 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   10. +-commutative 56.3%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   11. associate-+r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   12. associate--r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

   14. +-commutative 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   16. fma-def 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

3. Simplified 56.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. add-cube-cbrt 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\pi} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\pi}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\pi}\right)}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]

7. Applied egg-rr 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt[3]{\pi} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\pi}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\pi}\right)}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} \]

8. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 93.7%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{-1 \cdot {ux}^{2} + 2 \cdot ux}} \]
9. Step-by-step derivation

   1. mul-1-neg 93.7%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-{ux}^{2}\right)} + 2 \cdot ux} \]

   2. unpow2 93.7%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(-\color{blue}{ux \cdot ux}\right) + 2 \cdot ux} \]

   3. distribute-lft-neg-in 93.7%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-ux\right) \cdot ux} + 2 \cdot ux} \]

   4. mul-1-neg 93.7%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot ux\right)} \cdot ux + 2 \cdot ux} \]

   5. distribute-rgt-in 93.5%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot ux + 2\right)}} \]

   6. +-commutative 93.5%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   7. mul-1-neg 93.5%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\left(-ux\right)}\right)} \]

   8. unsub-neg 93.5%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 - ux\right)}} \]

10. Simplified 93.5%

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}} \]

11. Final simplification 93.5%

    \[\leadsto \cos \left(2 \cdot \left(uy \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)} \]

Alternative 10: 79.7% accurate, 1.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (sqrt
  (fma
   (- 1.0 maxCos)
   (* (* ux ux) (+ maxCos -1.0))
   (* ux (+ 1.0 (- (- 1.0 maxCos) maxCos))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf(fmaf((1.0f - maxCos), ((ux * ux) * (maxCos + -1.0f)), (ux * (1.0f + ((1.0f - maxCos) - maxCos)))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(fma(Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos), Float32(Float32(ux * ux) * Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0))), Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(1.0) + Float32(Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos) - maxCos)))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.3%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*l* 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   5. fma-def 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. +-commutative 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r- 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   8. fma-def 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   9. neg-sub0 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   10. +-commutative 56.3%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   11. associate-+r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   12. associate--r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

   14. +-commutative 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   16. fma-def 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

3. Simplified 56.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in uy around 0 48.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + \left(ux - \left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 80.2%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. fma-def 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}, ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   2. *-commutative 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \color{blue}{{ux}^{2} \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)}, ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   3. unpow2 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot ux\right)} \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right), ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   4. sub-neg 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}, ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   5. metadata-eval 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right), ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   6. neg-mul-1 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \]

   7. associate--l+ 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}\right)} \]

   8. neg-sub0 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   9. associate-+l- 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   10. neg-sub0 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(-maxCos\right)} + 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   11. +-commutative 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-maxCos\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

   12. sub-neg 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

7. Simplified 80.2%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)}} \]

8. Final simplification 80.2%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(1 - maxCos, \left(ux \cdot ux\right) \cdot \left(maxCos + -1\right), ux \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

Alternative 11: 79.7% accurate, 1.5× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (sqrt
  (* ux (+ (fma maxCos -2.0 2.0) (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (* ux (- 1.0 maxCos)))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((ux * (fmaf(maxCos, -2.0f, 2.0f) + ((maxCos + -1.0f) * (ux * (1.0f - maxCos))))));
}

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(fma(maxCos, Float32(-2.0), Float32(2.0)) + Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos))))))
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.3%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*l* 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   5. fma-def 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. +-commutative 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r- 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   8. fma-def 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   9. neg-sub0 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   10. +-commutative 56.3%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   11. associate-+r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   12. associate--r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

   14. +-commutative 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   16. fma-def 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

3. Simplified 56.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. add-cbrt-cube 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}}} \]

   2. associate--l+ 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   3. mul-1-neg 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   4. sub-neg 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   5. metadata-eval 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   6. associate--l+ 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   7. mul-1-neg 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   8. sub-neg 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   9. metadata-eval 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   10. associate--l+ 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}} \]

   11. mul-1-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   12. sub-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   13. metadata-eval 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

6. Applied egg-rr 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}} \]

7. Taylor expanded in uy around 0 80.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) + \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right)}} \]

   2. *-commutative 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux} + \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right)} \]

   3. associate-*r* 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \color{blue}{\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}}} \]

   4. sub-neg 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}} \]

   5. metadata-eval 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \left(\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}} \]

   6. unpow2 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   7. associate-*r* 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right) \cdot ux}} \]

   8. distribute-rgt-out 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   9. cancel-sign-sub-inv 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(2 + \left(-2\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   10. metadata-eval 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   11. +-commutative 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   12. *-commutative 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\color{blue}{maxCos \cdot -2} + 2\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   13. fma-def 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)} + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   14. metadata-eval 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{\left(-1\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   16. associate-*l* 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)}\right)} \]

   17. sub-neg 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)} \]

   18. metadata-eval 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)} \]

9. Simplified 80.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)}} \]

10. Final simplification 80.2%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right)\right)} \]

Alternative 12: 79.7% accurate, 2.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right)\right)\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (sqrt
  (*
   ux
   (+ 2.0 (+ (* maxCos -2.0) (* (+ maxCos -1.0) (* ux (- 1.0 maxCos))))))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((ux * (2.0f + ((maxCos * -2.0f) + ((maxCos + -1.0f) * (ux * (1.0f - maxCos)))))));
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt((ux * (2.0e0 + ((maxcos * (-2.0e0)) + ((maxcos + (-1.0e0)) * (ux * (1.0e0 - maxcos)))))))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) + Float32(Float32(maxCos * Float32(-2.0)) + Float32(Float32(maxCos + Float32(-1.0)) * Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(1.0) - maxCos)))))))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt((ux * (single(2.0) + ((maxCos * single(-2.0)) + ((maxCos + single(-1.0)) * (ux * (single(1.0) - maxCos)))))));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.3%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*l* 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   5. fma-def 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. +-commutative 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r- 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   8. fma-def 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   9. neg-sub0 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   10. +-commutative 56.3%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   11. associate-+r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   12. associate--r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

   14. +-commutative 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   16. fma-def 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

3. Simplified 56.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. add-cbrt-cube 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}}} \]

   2. associate--l+ 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   3. mul-1-neg 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   4. sub-neg 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   5. metadata-eval 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   6. associate--l+ 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   7. mul-1-neg 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   8. sub-neg 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   9. metadata-eval 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   10. associate--l+ 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}} \]

   11. mul-1-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   12. sub-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   13. metadata-eval 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

6. Applied egg-rr 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}} \]

7. Taylor expanded in uy around 0 80.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) + \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right)}} \]

   2. *-commutative 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux} + \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right)} \]

   3. associate-*r* 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \color{blue}{\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}}} \]

   4. sub-neg 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}} \]

   5. metadata-eval 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \left(\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}} \]

   6. unpow2 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   7. associate-*r* 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right) \cdot ux}} \]

   8. distribute-rgt-out 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   9. cancel-sign-sub-inv 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(2 + \left(-2\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   10. metadata-eval 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   11. +-commutative 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   12. *-commutative 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\color{blue}{maxCos \cdot -2} + 2\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   13. fma-def 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)} + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   14. metadata-eval 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{\left(-1\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   16. associate-*l* 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)}\right)} \]

   17. sub-neg 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)} \]

   18. metadata-eval 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)} \]

9. Simplified 80.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)}} \]

10. Taylor expanded in ux around inf 80.1%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 + \left(-2 \cdot maxCos + \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)\right)}} \]

11. Final simplification 80.1%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \left(maxCos \cdot -2 + \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(ux \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right)\right)\right)} \]

Alternative 13: 79.2% accurate, 2.8× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right) - ux\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
 :precision binary32
 (sqrt (* ux (- (+ 2.0 (* maxCos (- (* 2.0 ux) 2.0))) ux))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((ux * ((2.0f + (maxCos * ((2.0f * ux) - 2.0f))) - ux)));
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt((ux * ((2.0e0 + (maxcos * ((2.0e0 * ux) - 2.0e0))) - ux)))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) + Float32(maxCos * Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux) - Float32(2.0)))) - ux)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt((ux * ((single(2.0) + (maxCos * ((single(2.0) * ux) - single(2.0)))) - ux)));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.3%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*l* 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   5. fma-def 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. +-commutative 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r- 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   8. fma-def 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   9. neg-sub0 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   10. +-commutative 56.3%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   11. associate-+r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   12. associate--r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

   14. +-commutative 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   16. fma-def 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

3. Simplified 56.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. add-cbrt-cube 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}}} \]

   2. associate--l+ 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   3. mul-1-neg 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   4. sub-neg 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   5. metadata-eval 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   6. associate--l+ 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   7. mul-1-neg 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   8. sub-neg 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   9. metadata-eval 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   10. associate--l+ 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}} \]

   11. mul-1-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   12. sub-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   13. metadata-eval 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

6. Applied egg-rr 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}} \]

7. Taylor expanded in uy around 0 80.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) + \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right)}} \]

   2. *-commutative 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux} + \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right)} \]

   3. associate-*r* 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \color{blue}{\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}}} \]

   4. sub-neg 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}} \]

   5. metadata-eval 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \left(\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}} \]

   6. unpow2 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   7. associate-*r* 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right) \cdot ux}} \]

   8. distribute-rgt-out 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   9. cancel-sign-sub-inv 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(2 + \left(-2\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   10. metadata-eval 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   11. +-commutative 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   12. *-commutative 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\color{blue}{maxCos \cdot -2} + 2\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   13. fma-def 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)} + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   14. metadata-eval 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{\left(-1\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   16. associate-*l* 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)}\right)} \]

   17. sub-neg 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)} \]

   18. metadata-eval 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)} \]

9. Simplified 80.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)}} \]

10. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 79.8%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot ux + \left(2 + maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right)\right)}} \]

11. Final simplification 79.8%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + maxCos \cdot \left(2 \cdot ux - 2\right)\right) - ux\right)} \]

Alternative 14: 75.6% accurate, 3.0× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{2 \cdot ux - ux \cdot ux} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos) :precision binary32 (sqrt (- (* 2.0 ux) (* ux ux))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf(((2.0f * ux) - (ux * ux)));
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt(((2.0e0 * ux) - (ux * ux)))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux) - Float32(ux * ux)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt(((single(2.0) * ux) - (ux * ux)));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.3%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*l* 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   5. fma-def 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. +-commutative 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r- 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   8. fma-def 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   9. neg-sub0 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   10. +-commutative 56.3%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   11. associate-+r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   12. associate--r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

   14. +-commutative 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   16. fma-def 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

3. Simplified 56.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in uy around 0 48.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + \left(ux - \left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in ux around inf 80.2%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

6. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 76.8%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{-1 \cdot {ux}^{2} + 2 \cdot ux}} \]
7. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative 76.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot ux + -1 \cdot {ux}^{2}}} \]

   2. mul-1-neg 76.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{2 \cdot ux + \color{blue}{\left(-{ux}^{2}\right)}} \]

   3. unsub-neg 76.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot ux - {ux}^{2}}} \]

   4. *-commutative 76.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2} - {ux}^{2}} \]

   5. unpow2 76.8%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot 2 - \color{blue}{ux \cdot ux}} \]

8. Simplified 76.8%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot 2 - ux \cdot ux}} \]

9. Final simplification 76.8%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{2 \cdot ux - ux \cdot ux} \]

Alternative 15: 75.6% accurate, 3.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos) :precision binary32 (sqrt (* ux (- 2.0 ux))))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((ux * (2.0f - ux)));
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt((ux * (2.0e0 - ux)))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(ux * Float32(Float32(2.0) - ux)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt((ux * (single(2.0) - ux)));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.3%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*l* 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   5. fma-def 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. +-commutative 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r- 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   8. fma-def 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   9. neg-sub0 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   10. +-commutative 56.3%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   11. associate-+r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   12. associate--r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

   14. +-commutative 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   16. fma-def 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

3. Simplified 56.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]
5. Step-by-step derivation

   1. add-cbrt-cube 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}}} \]

   2. associate--l+ 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   3. mul-1-neg 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   4. sub-neg 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   5. metadata-eval 99.0%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   6. associate--l+ 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   7. mul-1-neg 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   8. sub-neg 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   9. metadata-eval 99.1%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

   10. associate--l+ 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}} \]

   11. mul-1-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)} - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   12. sub-neg 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   13. metadata-eval 99.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

6. Applied egg-rr 99.1%

   \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\left(-\left(maxCos + -1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)\right)}}} \]

7. Taylor expanded in uy around 0 80.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right) + ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right)}} \]
8. Step-by-step derivation

   1. +-commutative 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) + \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right)}} \]

   2. *-commutative 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux} + \left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}\right)} \]

   3. associate-*r* 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \color{blue}{\left(\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}}} \]

   4. sub-neg 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}} \]

   5. metadata-eval 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \left(\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot {ux}^{2}} \]

   6. unpow2 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   7. associate-*r* 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot ux + \color{blue}{\left(\left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right) \cdot ux}} \]

   8. distribute-rgt-out 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 - 2 \cdot maxCos\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)}} \]

   9. cancel-sign-sub-inv 80.2%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(2 + \left(-2\right) \cdot maxCos\right)} + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   10. metadata-eval 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 + \color{blue}{-2} \cdot maxCos\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   11. +-commutative 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(-2 \cdot maxCos + 2\right)} + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   12. *-commutative 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\color{blue}{maxCos \cdot -2} + 2\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   13. fma-def 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right)} + \left(\left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   14. metadata-eval 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(\left(maxCos + \color{blue}{\left(-1\right)}\right) \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(\color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right)} \cdot \left(1 - maxCos\right)\right) \cdot ux\right)} \]

   16. associate-*l* 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)}\right)} \]

   17. sub-neg 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \color{blue}{\left(maxCos + \left(-1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)} \]

   18. metadata-eval 80.2%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(maxCos + \color{blue}{-1}\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)} \]

9. Simplified 80.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(maxCos, -2, 2\right) + \left(maxCos + -1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - maxCos\right) \cdot ux\right)\right)}} \]

10. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 76.7%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-1 \cdot ux + 2\right) \cdot ux}} \]
11. Step-by-step derivation

    1. *-commutative 76.7%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(-1 \cdot ux + 2\right)}} \]

    2. +-commutative 76.7%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 + -1 \cdot ux\right)}} \]

    3. mul-1-neg 76.7%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 + \color{blue}{\left(-ux\right)}\right)} \]

    4. unsub-neg 76.7%

       \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{\left(2 - ux\right)}} \]

12. Simplified 76.7%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)}} \]

13. Final simplification 76.7%

    \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(2 - ux\right)} \]

Alternative 16: 62.2% accurate, 3.1× speedup

Math

\[\begin{array}{l} \\ \sqrt{2 \cdot ux} \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (ux uy maxCos) :precision binary32 (sqrt (* 2.0 ux)))

C

float code(float ux, float uy, float maxCos) {
	return sqrtf((2.0f * ux));
}

Fortran

real(4) function code(ux, uy, maxcos)
    real(4), intent (in) :: ux
    real(4), intent (in) :: uy
    real(4), intent (in) :: maxcos
    code = sqrt((2.0e0 * ux))
end function

Julia

function code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	return sqrt(Float32(Float32(2.0) * ux))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(ux, uy, maxCos)
	tmp = sqrt((single(2.0) * ux));
end

Derivation

1. Initial program 56.3%

   \[\cos \left(\left(uy \cdot 2\right) \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]
2. Step-by-step derivation

   1. associate-*l* 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \color{blue}{\left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)} \]

   2. sub-neg 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)}} \]

   3. +-commutative 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right) + 1}} \]

   4. distribute-rgt-neg-in 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right) \cdot \left(-\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)\right)} + 1} \]

   5. fma-def 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)}} \]

   6. +-commutative 56.4%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r- 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux}, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   8. fma-def 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)} - ux, -\left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right), 1\right)} \]

   9. neg-sub0 56.3%

      \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(1 - ux\right) + ux \cdot maxCos\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   10. +-commutative 56.3%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(ux \cdot maxCos + \left(1 - ux\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   11. associate-+r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right) - ux\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   12. associate--r- 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right) + ux}, 1\right)} \]

   13. neg-sub0 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{\left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)} + ux, 1\right)} \]

   14. +-commutative 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux + \left(-\left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   15. sub-neg 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, \color{blue}{ux - \left(ux \cdot maxCos + 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

   16. fma-def 56.1%

       \[\leadsto \cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right)}, 1\right)} \]

3. Simplified 56.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos \left(uy \cdot \left(2 \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right) - ux, ux - \mathsf{fma}\left(ux, maxCos, 1\right), 1\right)}} \]

4. Taylor expanded in uy around 0 48.2%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 + \left(ux - \left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + maxCos \cdot ux\right) - ux\right)}} \]

5. Taylor expanded in ux around 0 66.0%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + -1 \cdot \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]
6. Step-by-step derivation

   1. neg-mul-1 66.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(-\left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)} \]

   2. neg-sub0 66.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(maxCos - 1\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)} \]

   3. associate-+l- 66.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(\left(0 - maxCos\right) + 1\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)} \]

   4. neg-sub0 66.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + \left(\color{blue}{\left(-maxCos\right)} + 1\right)\right) - maxCos\right)} \]

   5. +-commutative 66.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(1 + \left(-maxCos\right)\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)} \]

   6. sub-neg 66.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(1 + \color{blue}{\left(1 - maxCos\right)}\right) - maxCos\right)} \]

   7. associate-+r- 66.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(1 + 1\right) - maxCos\right)} - maxCos\right)} \]

   8. metadata-eval 66.0%

      \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \left(\left(\color{blue}{2} - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)} \]

7. Simplified 66.0%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{\color{blue}{ux \cdot \left(\left(2 - maxCos\right) - maxCos\right)}} \]

8. Taylor expanded in maxCos around 0 63.7%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{ux \cdot \color{blue}{2}} \]

9. Final simplification 63.7%

   \[\leadsto \sqrt{2 \cdot ux} \]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2023176 
(FPCore (ux uy maxCos)
  :name "UniformSampleCone, x"
  :precision binary32
  :pre (and (and (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 ux) (<= ux 1.0)) (and (<= 2.328306437e-10 uy) (<= uy 1.0))) (and (<= 0.0 maxCos) (<= maxCos 1.0)))
  (* (cos (* (* uy 2.0) PI)) (sqrt (- 1.0 (* (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos)) (+ (- 1.0 ux) (* ux maxCos)))))))