VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (20)

?

Percentage Accurate: 6.9% → 96.6%
Time: 34.9s
Precision: binary64
Cost: 84800

?

\[-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
\[-\frac{\log \left(\frac{2 \cdot \cosh \left(\left(\pi \cdot 0.25\right) \cdot f\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.5, f, {\pi}^{3} \cdot \left(0.005208333333333333 \cdot {f}^{3}\right)\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi \cdot 0.25} \]
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (-
  (*
   (/ 1.0 (/ PI 4.0))
   (log
    (/
     (+ (exp (* (/ PI 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ PI 4.0) f))))
     (- (exp (* (/ PI 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ PI 4.0) f)))))))))
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (-
  (/
   (log
    (/
     (* 2.0 (cosh (* (* PI 0.25) f)))
     (fma
      (pow f 5.0)
      (* (pow PI 5.0) 1.6276041666666666e-5)
      (fma
       (* PI 0.5)
       f
       (* (pow PI 3.0) (* 0.005208333333333333 (pow f 3.0)))))))
   (* PI 0.25))))
double code(double f) {
	return -((1.0 / (((double) M_PI) / 4.0)) * log(((exp(((((double) M_PI) / 4.0) * f)) + exp(-((((double) M_PI) / 4.0) * f))) / (exp(((((double) M_PI) / 4.0) * f)) - exp(-((((double) M_PI) / 4.0) * f))))));
}
double code(double f) {
	return -(log(((2.0 * cosh(((((double) M_PI) * 0.25) * f))) / fma(pow(f, 5.0), (pow(((double) M_PI), 5.0) * 1.6276041666666666e-5), fma((((double) M_PI) * 0.5), f, (pow(((double) M_PI), 3.0) * (0.005208333333333333 * pow(f, 3.0))))))) / (((double) M_PI) * 0.25));
}
function code(f)
	return Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 / Float64(pi / 4.0)) * log(Float64(Float64(exp(Float64(Float64(pi / 4.0) * f)) + exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(pi / 4.0) * f)))) / Float64(exp(Float64(Float64(pi / 4.0) * f)) - exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(pi / 4.0) * f))))))))
end
function code(f)
	return Float64(-Float64(log(Float64(Float64(2.0 * cosh(Float64(Float64(pi * 0.25) * f))) / fma((f ^ 5.0), Float64((pi ^ 5.0) * 1.6276041666666666e-5), fma(Float64(pi * 0.5), f, Float64((pi ^ 3.0) * Float64(0.005208333333333333 * (f ^ 3.0))))))) / Float64(pi * 0.25)))
end
code[f_] := (-N[(N[(1.0 / N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Log[N[(N[(N[Exp[N[(N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * f), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] + N[Exp[(-N[(N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * f), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[Exp[N[(N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * f), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-N[(N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * f), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision])
code[f_] := (-N[(N[Log[N[(N[(2.0 * N[Cosh[N[(N[(Pi * 0.25), $MachinePrecision] * f), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[Power[f, 5.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Power[Pi, 5.0], $MachinePrecision] * 1.6276041666666666e-5), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(Pi * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] * f + N[(N[Power[Pi, 3.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.005208333333333333 * N[Power[f, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] / N[(Pi * 0.25), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision])
-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right)
-\frac{\log \left(\frac{2 \cdot \cosh \left(\left(\pi \cdot 0.25\right) \cdot f\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.5, f, {\pi}^{3} \cdot \left(0.005208333333333333 \cdot {f}^{3}\right)\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi \cdot 0.25}

Local Percentage Accuracy vs ?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Herbie found 7 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup

Accuracy vs Speed

The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each alternatives. Up and to the right is better. The red square shows the initial program, and each blue circle shows an alternative.The line shows the best available speed-accuracy tradeoffs.

Bogosity?

Bogosity

Derivation?

  1. Initial program 6.4%

    \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
  2. Taylor expanded in f around 0 98.6%

    \[\leadsto -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\color{blue}{{f}^{5} \cdot \left(8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot {\pi}^{5} - -8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot {\pi}^{5}\right) + \left(\left(0.25 \cdot \pi - -0.25 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot f + {f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right)\right)}}\right) \]
  3. Simplified98.6%

    \[\leadsto -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.5, f, {\pi}^{3} \cdot \left(0.005208333333333333 \cdot {f}^{3}\right)\right)\right)}}\right) \]
    Step-by-step derivation

    [Start]98.6%

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{{f}^{5} \cdot \left(8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot {\pi}^{5} - -8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot {\pi}^{5}\right) + \left(\left(0.25 \cdot \pi - -0.25 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot f + {f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right)\right)}\right) \]

    fma-def [=>]98.6%

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, 8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot {\pi}^{5} - -8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot {\pi}^{5}, \left(0.25 \cdot \pi - -0.25 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot f + {f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right)\right)}}\right) \]

    distribute-rgt-out-- [=>]98.6%

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, \color{blue}{{\pi}^{5} \cdot \left(8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} - -8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6}\right)}, \left(0.25 \cdot \pi - -0.25 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot f + {f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right)\right)}\right) \]

    metadata-eval [=>]98.6%

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot \color{blue}{1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}}, \left(0.25 \cdot \pi - -0.25 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot f + {f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right)\right)}\right) \]

    fma-def [=>]98.6%

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.25 \cdot \pi - -0.25 \cdot \pi, f, {f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right)\right)}\right)}\right) \]

    distribute-rgt-out-- [=>]98.6%

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{\pi \cdot \left(0.25 - -0.25\right)}, f, {f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

    metadata-eval [=>]98.6%

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot \color{blue}{0.5}, f, {f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

    *-commutative [=>]98.6%

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.5, f, \color{blue}{\left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right) \cdot {f}^{3}}\right)\right)}\right) \]

    distribute-rgt-out-- [=>]98.6%

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.5, f, \color{blue}{\left({\pi}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 - -0.0026041666666666665\right)\right)} \cdot {f}^{3}\right)\right)}\right) \]

    associate-*l* [=>]98.6%

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.5, f, \color{blue}{{\pi}^{3} \cdot \left(\left(0.0026041666666666665 - -0.0026041666666666665\right) \cdot {f}^{3}\right)}\right)\right)}\right) \]

    metadata-eval [=>]98.6%

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.5, f, {\pi}^{3} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{0.005208333333333333} \cdot {f}^{3}\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]
  4. Applied egg-rr98.7%

    \[\leadsto -\color{blue}{\frac{\log \left(\frac{2 \cdot \cosh \left(\left(\pi \cdot 0.25\right) \cdot f\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.5, f, {\pi}^{3} \cdot \left(0.005208333333333333 \cdot {f}^{3}\right)\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi \cdot 0.25}} \]
    Step-by-step derivation

    [Start]98.6%

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.5, f, {\pi}^{3} \cdot \left(0.005208333333333333 \cdot {f}^{3}\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

    associate-*l/ [=>]98.7%

    \[ -\color{blue}{\frac{1 \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.5, f, {\pi}^{3} \cdot \left(0.005208333333333333 \cdot {f}^{3}\right)\right)\right)}\right)}{\frac{\pi}{4}}} \]
  5. Final simplification98.7%

    \[\leadsto -\frac{\log \left(\frac{2 \cdot \cosh \left(\left(\pi \cdot 0.25\right) \cdot f\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.5, f, {\pi}^{3} \cdot \left(0.005208333333333333 \cdot {f}^{3}\right)\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi \cdot 0.25} \]

Alternatives

Alternative 1
Accuracy96.6%
Cost84800
\[-\frac{\log \left(\frac{2 \cdot \cosh \left(\left(\pi \cdot 0.25\right) \cdot f\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.5, f, {\pi}^{3} \cdot \left(0.005208333333333333 \cdot {f}^{3}\right)\right)\right)}\right)}{\pi \cdot 0.25} \]
Alternative 2
Accuracy96.4%
Cost32832
\[-\frac{\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(2, \pi \cdot \left(f \cdot 0.041666666666666664\right), \frac{4}{\pi \cdot f}\right)\right)}{\pi \cdot 0.25} \]
Alternative 3
Accuracy96.2%
Cost32704
\[\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(f, \pi \cdot 0.08333333333333333, \frac{\frac{4}{\pi}}{f}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
Alternative 4
Accuracy1.6%
Cost19712
\[\frac{\log \left(f \cdot \left(\pi \cdot 0.08333333333333333\right)\right)}{\pi} \cdot \left(-4\right) \]
Alternative 5
Accuracy95.6%
Cost19712
\[\frac{4}{\pi} \cdot \left(-\log \left(\frac{\frac{4}{f}}{\pi}\right)\right) \]
Alternative 6
Accuracy95.8%
Cost19712
\[\frac{-\frac{\log \left(\frac{\frac{4}{f}}{\pi}\right)}{\pi}}{0.25} \]
Alternative 7
Accuracy1.6%
Cost13120
\[4 \cdot \frac{-\log \left( 7.62939453125 \cdot 10^{-6} \right)}{\pi} \]

Reproduce?

herbie shell --seed 2023165 
(FPCore (f)
  :name "VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (20)"
  :precision binary64
  (- (* (/ 1.0 (/ PI 4.0)) (log (/ (+ (exp (* (/ PI 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ PI 4.0) f)))) (- (exp (* (/ PI 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ PI 4.0) f)))))))))