VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (20)

?

Percentage Accurate: 6.9% → 96.4%
Time: 33.3s
Precision: binary64
Cost: 123840

?

\[-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
\[\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot \left(-f\right)}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{3}, {\pi}^{3} \cdot 0.005208333333333333, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, f \cdot 0.5, {\pi}^{7} \cdot \left({f}^{7} \cdot 2.422030009920635 \cdot 10^{-8}\right)\right)\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \]
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (-
  (*
   (/ 1.0 (/ PI 4.0))
   (log
    (/
     (+ (exp (* (/ PI 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ PI 4.0) f))))
     (- (exp (* (/ PI 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ PI 4.0) f)))))))))
(FPCore (f)
 :precision binary64
 (*
  (log
   (/
    (+ (exp (* (/ PI 4.0) f)) (exp (* (/ PI 4.0) (- f))))
    (fma
     (pow f 5.0)
     (* (pow PI 5.0) 1.6276041666666666e-5)
     (fma
      (pow f 3.0)
      (* (pow PI 3.0) 0.005208333333333333)
      (fma
       PI
       (* f 0.5)
       (* (pow PI 7.0) (* (pow f 7.0) 2.422030009920635e-8)))))))
  (/ -1.0 (/ PI 4.0))))
double code(double f) {
	return -((1.0 / (((double) M_PI) / 4.0)) * log(((exp(((((double) M_PI) / 4.0) * f)) + exp(-((((double) M_PI) / 4.0) * f))) / (exp(((((double) M_PI) / 4.0) * f)) - exp(-((((double) M_PI) / 4.0) * f))))));
}
double code(double f) {
	return log(((exp(((((double) M_PI) / 4.0) * f)) + exp(((((double) M_PI) / 4.0) * -f))) / fma(pow(f, 5.0), (pow(((double) M_PI), 5.0) * 1.6276041666666666e-5), fma(pow(f, 3.0), (pow(((double) M_PI), 3.0) * 0.005208333333333333), fma(((double) M_PI), (f * 0.5), (pow(((double) M_PI), 7.0) * (pow(f, 7.0) * 2.422030009920635e-8))))))) * (-1.0 / (((double) M_PI) / 4.0));
}
function code(f)
	return Float64(-Float64(Float64(1.0 / Float64(pi / 4.0)) * log(Float64(Float64(exp(Float64(Float64(pi / 4.0) * f)) + exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(pi / 4.0) * f)))) / Float64(exp(Float64(Float64(pi / 4.0) * f)) - exp(Float64(-Float64(Float64(pi / 4.0) * f))))))))
end
function code(f)
	return Float64(log(Float64(Float64(exp(Float64(Float64(pi / 4.0) * f)) + exp(Float64(Float64(pi / 4.0) * Float64(-f)))) / fma((f ^ 5.0), Float64((pi ^ 5.0) * 1.6276041666666666e-5), fma((f ^ 3.0), Float64((pi ^ 3.0) * 0.005208333333333333), fma(pi, Float64(f * 0.5), Float64((pi ^ 7.0) * Float64((f ^ 7.0) * 2.422030009920635e-8))))))) * Float64(-1.0 / Float64(pi / 4.0)))
end
code[f_] := (-N[(N[(1.0 / N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Log[N[(N[(N[Exp[N[(N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * f), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] + N[Exp[(-N[(N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * f), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[Exp[N[(N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * f), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Exp[(-N[(N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * f), $MachinePrecision])], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision])
code[f_] := N[(N[Log[N[(N[(N[Exp[N[(N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * f), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] + N[Exp[N[(N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision] * (-f)), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[Power[f, 5.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Power[Pi, 5.0], $MachinePrecision] * 1.6276041666666666e-5), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Power[f, 3.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Power[Pi, 3.0], $MachinePrecision] * 0.005208333333333333), $MachinePrecision] + N[(Pi * N[(f * 0.5), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Power[Pi, 7.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[Power[f, 7.0], $MachinePrecision] * 2.422030009920635e-8), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[(-1.0 / N[(Pi / 4.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right)
\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot \left(-f\right)}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{3}, {\pi}^{3} \cdot 0.005208333333333333, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, f \cdot 0.5, {\pi}^{7} \cdot \left({f}^{7} \cdot 2.422030009920635 \cdot 10^{-8}\right)\right)\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{\frac{\pi}{4}}

Local Percentage Accuracy?

The average percentage accuracy by input value. Horizontal axis shows value of an input variable; the variable is choosen in the title. Vertical axis is accuracy; higher is better. Red represent the original program, while blue represents Herbie's suggestion. These can be toggled with buttons below the plot. The line is an average while dots represent individual samples.

Herbie found 18 alternatives:

AlternativeAccuracySpeedup

Accuracy vs Speed

The accuracy (vertical axis) and speed (horizontal axis) of each of Herbie's proposed alternatives. Up and to the right is better. Each dot represents an alternative program; the red square represents the initial program.

Bogosity?

Bogosity

Derivation?

  1. Initial program 7.4%

    \[-\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} - e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}\right) \]
  2. Taylor expanded in f around 0 97.5%

    \[\leadsto -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\color{blue}{{f}^{5} \cdot \left(8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot {\pi}^{5} - -8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot {\pi}^{5}\right) + \left(\left(0.25 \cdot \pi - -0.25 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot f + \left({f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right) + {f}^{7} \cdot \left(1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7} - -1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7}\right)\right)\right)}}\right) \]
  3. Simplified97.5%

    \[\leadsto -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{3}, {\pi}^{3} \cdot 0.005208333333333333, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, f \cdot 0.5, {\pi}^{7} \cdot \left({f}^{7} \cdot 2.422030009920635 \cdot 10^{-8}\right)\right)\right)\right)}}\right) \]
    Step-by-step derivation

    [Start]97.5

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{{f}^{5} \cdot \left(8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot {\pi}^{5} - -8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot {\pi}^{5}\right) + \left(\left(0.25 \cdot \pi - -0.25 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot f + \left({f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right) + {f}^{7} \cdot \left(1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7} - -1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7}\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

    fma-def [=>]97.5

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, 8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot {\pi}^{5} - -8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot {\pi}^{5}, \left(0.25 \cdot \pi - -0.25 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot f + \left({f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right) + {f}^{7} \cdot \left(1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7} - -1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7}\right)\right)\right)}}\right) \]

    distribute-rgt-out-- [=>]97.5

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, \color{blue}{{\pi}^{5} \cdot \left(8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6} - -8.138020833333333 \cdot 10^{-6}\right)}, \left(0.25 \cdot \pi - -0.25 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot f + \left({f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right) + {f}^{7} \cdot \left(1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7} - -1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7}\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

    metadata-eval [=>]97.5

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot \color{blue}{1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}}, \left(0.25 \cdot \pi - -0.25 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot f + \left({f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right) + {f}^{7} \cdot \left(1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7} - -1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7}\right)\right)\right)}\right) \]

    associate-+r+ [=>]97.5

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \color{blue}{\left(\left(0.25 \cdot \pi - -0.25 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot f + {f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right)\right) + {f}^{7} \cdot \left(1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7} - -1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7}\right)}\right)}\right) \]

    +-commutative [=>]97.5

    \[ -\frac{1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cdot \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \color{blue}{\left({f}^{3} \cdot \left(0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3} - -0.0026041666666666665 \cdot {\pi}^{3}\right) + \left(0.25 \cdot \pi - -0.25 \cdot \pi\right) \cdot f\right)} + {f}^{7} \cdot \left(1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7} - -1.2110150049603175 \cdot 10^{-8} \cdot {\pi}^{7}\right)\right)}\right) \]
  4. Final simplification97.5%

    \[\leadsto \log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot \left(-f\right)}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{3}, {\pi}^{3} \cdot 0.005208333333333333, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, f \cdot 0.5, {\pi}^{7} \cdot \left({f}^{7} \cdot 2.422030009920635 \cdot 10^{-8}\right)\right)\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \]

Alternatives

Alternative 1
Accuracy96.4%
Cost97920
\[\log \left(\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot f} + e^{\frac{\pi}{4} \cdot \left(-f\right)}}{\mathsf{fma}\left({f}^{5}, {\pi}^{5} \cdot 1.6276041666666666 \cdot 10^{-5}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\pi \cdot 0.5, f, {f}^{3} \cdot \left({\pi}^{3} \cdot 0.005208333333333333\right)\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \]
Alternative 2
Accuracy96.2%
Cost46144
\[\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(f, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.0625, \pi \cdot 2, \frac{-2}{\frac{0.5 \cdot \frac{0.5}{\pi}}{0.005208333333333333}}\right), \frac{4}{\pi \cdot f}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \]
Alternative 3
Accuracy96.2%
Cost32768
\[\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(f, \pi \cdot 0.08333333333333333, \frac{\frac{4}{\pi}}{f}\right)\right) \cdot \frac{-1}{\frac{\pi}{4}} \]
Alternative 4
Accuracy95.9%
Cost32704
\[\frac{\frac{-\log \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\pi, f \cdot 0.125, \frac{\frac{4}{f}}{\pi}\right)\right)}{\pi}}{0.25} \]
Alternative 5
Accuracy95.6%
Cost19648
\[\log \left(\frac{\frac{4}{f}}{\pi}\right) \cdot \frac{-4}{\pi} \]
Alternative 6
Accuracy95.8%
Cost19648
\[\frac{\log \left(\frac{4}{\pi \cdot f}\right) \cdot -4}{\pi} \]
Alternative 7
Accuracy5.0%
Cost64
\[0 \]
Alternative 8
Accuracy9.3%
Cost64
\[-5.551115123125783 \cdot 10^{-17} \]
Alternative 9
Accuracy14.4%
Cost64
\[-4 \]
Alternative 10
Accuracy14.5%
Cost64
\[-5 \]
Alternative 11
Accuracy14.8%
Cost64
\[-8 \]
Alternative 12
Accuracy14.9%
Cost64
\[-9 \]
Alternative 13
Accuracy15.3%
Cost64
\[-16 \]
Alternative 14
Accuracy15.7%
Cost64
\[-27 \]
Alternative 15
Accuracy16.7%
Cost64
\[-64 \]
Alternative 16
Accuracy18.7%
Cost64
\[-256 \]
Alternative 17
Accuracy19.6%
Cost64
\[-512 \]

Reproduce?

herbie shell --seed 2023161 
(FPCore (f)
  :name "VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (20)"
  :precision binary64
  (- (* (/ 1.0 (/ PI 4.0)) (log (/ (+ (exp (* (/ PI 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ PI 4.0) f)))) (- (exp (* (/ PI 4.0) f)) (exp (- (* (/ PI 4.0) f)))))))))