Hyperbolic arcsine

Average Accuracy: 18.0% → 99.7%

Time: 5.2s

Precision: binary64

Cost: 13320

Math

\[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]

↓

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.26:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.00079:\\ \;\;\;\;x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))

↓

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -1.26)
   (log (/ -0.5 x))
   (if (<= x 0.00079)
     (+ x (* -0.16666666666666666 (pow x 3.0)))
     (log (+ x (hypot 1.0 x))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

↓

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.26) {
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 0.00079) {
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * pow(x, 3.0));
	} else {
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.log((x + Math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
}

↓

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -1.26) {
		tmp = Math.log((-0.5 / x));
	} else if (x <= 0.00079) {
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * Math.pow(x, 3.0));
	} else {
		tmp = Math.log((x + Math.hypot(1.0, x)));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.log((x + math.sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))))

↓

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if x <= -1.26:
		tmp = math.log((-0.5 / x))
	elif x <= 0.00079:
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * math.pow(x, 3.0))
	else:
		tmp = math.log((x + math.hypot(1.0, x)))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	return log(Float64(x + sqrt(Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))))
end

↓

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -1.26)
		tmp = log(Float64(-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 0.00079)
		tmp = Float64(x + Float64(-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0)));
	else
		tmp = log(Float64(x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = log((x + sqrt(((x * x) + 1.0))));
end

↓

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (x <= -1.26)
		tmp = log((-0.5 / x));
	elseif (x <= 0.00079)
		tmp = x + (-0.16666666666666666 * (x ^ 3.0));
	else
		tmp = log((x + hypot(1.0, x)));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]

↓

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -1.26], N[Log[N[(-0.5 / x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 0.00079], N[(x + N[(-0.16666666666666666 * N[Power[x, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[Log[N[(x + N[Sqrt[1.0 ^ 2 + x ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]]]

Target

Original	18.0%
Target	30.4%
Herbie	99.7%

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x < 0:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-1}{x - \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x < -1.26000000000000001

   1. Initial program 1.2%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]

   2. Simplified 1.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
      Proof

      [Start] 1.2	\[ \log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
      +-commutative [=>] 1.2	\[ \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}}\right) \]
      hypot-1-def [=>] 1.2	\[ \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Taylor expanded in x around -inf 99.4%

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)} \]

   if -1.26000000000000001 < x < 7.90000000000000012e-4

   1. Initial program 8.2%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]

   2. Simplified 8.2%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
      Proof

      [Start] 8.2	\[ \log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
      +-commutative [=>] 8.2	\[ \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}}\right) \]
      hypot-1-def [=>] 8.2	\[ \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

   3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.7%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3} + x} \]

   if 7.90000000000000012e-4 < x

   1. Initial program 53.3%

      \[\log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]

   2. Simplified 99.9%

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)} \]
      Proof

      [Start] 53.3	\[ \log \left(x + \sqrt{x \cdot x + 1}\right) \]
      +-commutative [=>] 53.3	\[ \log \left(x + \sqrt{\color{blue}{1 + x \cdot x}}\right) \]
      hypot-1-def [=>] 99.9	\[ \log \left(x + \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)}\right) \]

3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 99.7%

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.26:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.00079:\\ \;\;\;\;x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + \mathsf{hypot}\left(1, x\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternatives

Alternative 1
Accuracy	99.5%
Cost	7240

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.26:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.96:\\ \;\;\;\;x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x \cdot 2 + 0.5 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 2
Accuracy	99.4%
Cost	7048

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.26:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.26:\\ \;\;\;\;x + -0.16666666666666666 \cdot {x}^{3}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 3
Accuracy	99.2%
Cost	6856

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -1.26:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\frac{-0.5}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 1.26:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 4
Accuracy	75.3%
Cost	6724

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 1.26:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(x + x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 5
Accuracy	51.4%
Cost	64

\[x \]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2023147 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Hyperbolic arcsine"
  :precision binary64

  :herbie-target
  (if (< x 0.0) (log (/ -1.0 (- x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0))))) (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))

  (log (+ x (sqrt (+ (* x x) 1.0)))))