exp2 (problem 3.3.7)

Average Accuracy: 53.1% → 99.0%

Time: 11.2s

Precision: binary64

Cost: 39168.00

Math

\[\left(e^{x} - 2\right) + e^{-x} \]

↓

\[\mathsf{fma}\left(0.002777777777777778, {x}^{6}, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.08333333333333333, {x}^{4}, 4.96031746031746 \cdot 10^{-5} \cdot {x}^{8}\right)\right)\right) \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (+ (- (exp x) 2.0) (exp (- x))))

↓

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (fma
  0.002777777777777778
  (pow x 6.0)
  (fma
   x
   x
   (fma 0.08333333333333333 (pow x 4.0) (* 4.96031746031746e-5 (pow x 8.0))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (exp(x) - 2.0) + exp(-x);
}

↓

double code(double x) {
	return fma(0.002777777777777778, pow(x, 6.0), fma(x, x, fma(0.08333333333333333, pow(x, 4.0), (4.96031746031746e-5 * pow(x, 8.0)))));
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(exp(x) - 2.0) + exp(Float64(-x)))
end

↓

function code(x)
	return fma(0.002777777777777778, (x ^ 6.0), fma(x, x, fma(0.08333333333333333, (x ^ 4.0), Float64(4.96031746031746e-5 * (x ^ 8.0)))))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - 2.0), $MachinePrecision] + N[Exp[(-x)], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

↓

code[x_] := N[(0.002777777777777778 * N[Power[x, 6.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(x * x + N[(0.08333333333333333 * N[Power[x, 4.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(4.96031746031746e-5 * N[Power[x, 8.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Target

Original	53.1%
Target	99.9%
Herbie	99.0%

\[4 \cdot {\sinh \left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}^{2} \]

Derivation

1. Initial program 53.1%

   \[\left(e^{x} - 2\right) + e^{-x} \]

2. Simplified 53.1%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{-x} - \left(2 - e^{x}\right)} \]
   Proof

   [Start] 53.1	\[ \left(e^{x} - 2\right) + e^{-x} \]
   associate-+l- [=>] 53.1	\[ \color{blue}{e^{x} - \left(2 - e^{-x}\right)} \]
   sub-neg [=>] 53.1	\[ \color{blue}{e^{x} + \left(-\left(2 - e^{-x}\right)\right)} \]
   +-commutative [=>] 53.1	\[ \color{blue}{\left(-\left(2 - e^{-x}\right)\right) + e^{x}} \]
   neg-sub0 [=>] 53.1	\[ \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(2 - e^{-x}\right)\right)} + e^{x} \]
   associate-+l- [=>] 53.1	\[ \color{blue}{0 - \left(\left(2 - e^{-x}\right) - e^{x}\right)} \]
   associate--l- [=>] 53.1	\[ 0 - \color{blue}{\left(2 - \left(e^{-x} + e^{x}\right)\right)} \]
   +-commutative [=>] 53.1	\[ 0 - \left(2 - \color{blue}{\left(e^{x} + e^{-x}\right)}\right) \]
   associate--r+ [=>] 53.1	\[ 0 - \color{blue}{\left(\left(2 - e^{x}\right) - e^{-x}\right)} \]
   associate--r- [=>] 53.1	\[ \color{blue}{\left(0 - \left(2 - e^{x}\right)\right) + e^{-x}} \]
   neg-sub0 [<=] 53.1	\[ \color{blue}{\left(-\left(2 - e^{x}\right)\right)} + e^{-x} \]
   +-commutative [<=] 53.1	\[ \color{blue}{e^{-x} + \left(-\left(2 - e^{x}\right)\right)} \]
   sub-neg [<=] 53.1	\[ \color{blue}{e^{-x} - \left(2 - e^{x}\right)} \]

3. Taylor expanded in x around 0 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.002777777777777778 \cdot {x}^{6} + \left({x}^{2} + \left(0.08333333333333333 \cdot {x}^{4} + 4.96031746031746 \cdot 10^{-5} \cdot {x}^{8}\right)\right)} \]

4. Simplified 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.002777777777777778, {x}^{6}, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.08333333333333333, {x}^{4}, 4.96031746031746 \cdot 10^{-5} \cdot {x}^{8}\right)\right)\right)} \]
   Proof

   [Start] 99.0	\[ 0.002777777777777778 \cdot {x}^{6} + \left({x}^{2} + \left(0.08333333333333333 \cdot {x}^{4} + 4.96031746031746 \cdot 10^{-5} \cdot {x}^{8}\right)\right) \]
   fma-def [=>] 99.0	\[ \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.002777777777777778, {x}^{6}, {x}^{2} + \left(0.08333333333333333 \cdot {x}^{4} + 4.96031746031746 \cdot 10^{-5} \cdot {x}^{8}\right)\right)} \]
   unpow2 [=>] 99.0	\[ \mathsf{fma}\left(0.002777777777777778, {x}^{6}, \color{blue}{x \cdot x} + \left(0.08333333333333333 \cdot {x}^{4} + 4.96031746031746 \cdot 10^{-5} \cdot {x}^{8}\right)\right) \]
   fma-def [=>] 99.0	\[ \mathsf{fma}\left(0.002777777777777778, {x}^{6}, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 0.08333333333333333 \cdot {x}^{4} + 4.96031746031746 \cdot 10^{-5} \cdot {x}^{8}\right)}\right) \]
   fma-def [=>] 99.0	\[ \mathsf{fma}\left(0.002777777777777778, {x}^{6}, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(0.08333333333333333, {x}^{4}, 4.96031746031746 \cdot 10^{-5} \cdot {x}^{8}\right)}\right)\right) \]

5. Final simplification 99.0%

   \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(0.002777777777777778, {x}^{6}, \mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, \mathsf{fma}\left(0.08333333333333333, {x}^{4}, 4.96031746031746 \cdot 10^{-5} \cdot {x}^{8}\right)\right)\right) \]

Alternatives

Alternative 1
Accuracy	99.0%
Cost	26624.00

\[0.002777777777777778 \cdot {x}^{6} + \left(\mathsf{fma}\left(0.08333333333333333, {x}^{4}, 4.96031746031746 \cdot 10^{-5} \cdot {x}^{8}\right) + x \cdot x\right) \]

Alternative 2
Accuracy	98.9%
Cost	13632.00

\[0.002777777777777778 \cdot {x}^{6} + \left(x \cdot x + 0.08333333333333333 \cdot {x}^{4}\right) \]

Alternative 3
Accuracy	98.7%
Cost	13184.00

\[\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 0.08333333333333333 \cdot {x}^{4}\right) \]

Alternative 4
Accuracy	98.7%
Cost	6912.00

\[x \cdot x + 0.08333333333333333 \cdot {x}^{4} \]

Alternative 5
Accuracy	98.1%
Cost	192.00

\[x \cdot x \]

Alternative 6
Accuracy	5.9%
Cost	128.00

\[-x \]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2023096 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "exp2 (problem 3.3.7)"
  :precision binary64

  :herbie-target
  (* 4.0 (pow (sinh (/ x 2.0)) 2.0))

  (+ (- (exp x) 2.0) (exp (- x))))