cos2 (problem 3.4.1)

Average Error: 31.4 → 0.1

Time: 11.8s

Precision: binary64

Cost: 13504

Math

\[\frac{1 - \cos x}{x \cdot x} \]

↓

\[\frac{\tan \left(x \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \frac{-\sin x}{x}}{-x} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (- 1.0 (cos x)) (* x x)))

↓

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (* (tan (* x 0.5)) (/ (- (sin x)) x)) (- x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (1.0 - cos(x)) / (x * x);
}

↓

double code(double x) {
	return (tan((x * 0.5)) * (-sin(x) / x)) / -x;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = (1.0d0 - cos(x)) / (x * x)
end function

↓

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = (tan((x * 0.5d0)) * (-sin(x) / x)) / -x
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (1.0 - Math.cos(x)) / (x * x);
}

↓

public static double code(double x) {
	return (Math.tan((x * 0.5)) * (-Math.sin(x) / x)) / -x;
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (1.0 - math.cos(x)) / (x * x)

↓

def code(x):
	return (math.tan((x * 0.5)) * (-math.sin(x) / x)) / -x

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(1.0 - cos(x)) / Float64(x * x))
end

↓

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(tan(Float64(x * 0.5)) * Float64(Float64(-sin(x)) / x)) / Float64(-x))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (1.0 - cos(x)) / (x * x);
end

↓

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (tan((x * 0.5)) * (-sin(x) / x)) / -x;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0 - N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

↓

code[x_] := N[(N[(N[Tan[N[(x * 0.5), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] * N[((-N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision]) / x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / (-x)), $MachinePrecision]

Derivation

1. Initial program 31.4

   \[\frac{1 - \cos x}{x \cdot x} \]

2. Applied egg-rr 16.0

   \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\sin x \cdot \sin x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{1 + \cos x}}}{x \cdot x} \]

3. Simplified 15.9

   \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \tan \left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}}{x \cdot x} \]
   Proof

   [Start] 16.0	\[ \frac{\left(\sin x \cdot \sin x\right) \cdot \frac{1}{1 + \cos x}}{x \cdot x} \]
   associate-*l* [=>] 16.0	\[ \frac{\color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \left(\sin x \cdot \frac{1}{1 + \cos x}\right)}}{x \cdot x} \]
   associate-*r/ [=>] 16.0	\[ \frac{\sin x \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\sin x \cdot 1}{1 + \cos x}}}{x \cdot x} \]
   *-rgt-identity [=>] 16.0	\[ \frac{\sin x \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{\sin x}}{1 + \cos x}}{x \cdot x} \]
   hang-0p-tan [=>] 15.9	\[ \frac{\sin x \cdot \color{blue}{\tan \left(\frac{x}{2}\right)}}{x \cdot x} \]

4. Applied egg-rr 0.1

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\frac{\tan \left(x \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \frac{\sin x}{x}}{-x}} \]

5. Final simplification 0.1

   \[\leadsto \frac{\tan \left(x \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \frac{-\sin x}{x}}{-x} \]

Alternatives

Alternative 1
Error	0.3
Cost	13316

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := 1 - \cos x\\ \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0044:\\ \;\;\;\;{x}^{-2} \cdot t_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.0055:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 + -0.041666666666666664 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{\frac{x}{t_0}}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 2
Error	0.3
Cost	7241

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0044 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 0.0055\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{\frac{x}{1 - \cos x}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 + -0.041666666666666664 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 3
Error	0.3
Cost	7240

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \frac{1 - \cos x}{x}\\ \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0044:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{t_0}{x}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.0055:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 + -0.041666666666666664 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x} \cdot t_0\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 4
Error	0.3
Cost	7240

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := 1 - \cos x\\ \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0044:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0 \cdot \frac{\frac{1}{x}}{x}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 0.0055:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 + -0.041666666666666664 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{t_0}{x}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 5
Error	0.6
Cost	7113

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0044 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 0.0055\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1 - \cos x}{x \cdot x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 + -0.041666666666666664 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 6
Error	0.3
Cost	7113

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -0.0044 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 0.0055\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{1 - \cos x}{x}}{x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 + -0.041666666666666664 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 7
Error	14.0
Cost	832

\[\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{x \cdot 0.16666666666666666 + \frac{1}{x} \cdot 2} \]

Alternative 8
Error	13.9
Cost	713

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -3.25 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 3.25\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{6}{x \cdot x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 + -0.041666666666666664 \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 9
Error	14.1
Cost	585

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -3.5 \lor \neg \left(x \leq 3.5\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{6}{x \cdot x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 10
Error	31.0
Cost	64

\[0.5 \]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2023057 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "cos2 (problem 3.4.1)"
  :precision binary64
  (/ (- 1.0 (cos x)) (* x x)))