| Alternative 1 | |
|---|---|
| Error | 5.9 |
| Cost | 1484 |
(FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
:precision binary64
(-
(*
(/
(/
(*
(* (* 2.0 (- (pow b 2.0) (pow a 2.0))) (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI)))
(cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI)))
x-scale)
y-scale)
(/
(/
(*
(* (* 2.0 (- (pow b 2.0) (pow a 2.0))) (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI)))
(cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI)))
x-scale)
y-scale))
(*
(*
4.0
(/
(/
(+
(pow (* a (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)
(pow (* b (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0))
x-scale)
x-scale))
(/
(/
(+
(pow (* a (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)
(pow (* b (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0))
y-scale)
y-scale))))(FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
:precision binary64
(let* ((t_0 (/ (/ x-scale b) (/ a y-scale)))
(t_1 (/ (* a b) (* x-scale y-scale)))
(t_2 (* -4.0 (* t_1 t_1))))
(if (<= a 4e-262)
t_2
(if (<= a 2e-200)
(* -4.0 (pow (* (/ b y-scale) (/ a x-scale)) 2.0))
(if (<= a 9.6e+22)
(* -4.0 (/ (* (/ a y-scale) (/ b x-scale)) t_0))
(if (<= a 6.8e+70)
t_2
(if (<= a 1.25e+88)
(*
-4.0
(*
(/ a x-scale)
(* a (/ (/ b y-scale) (* x-scale (/ y-scale b))))))
(* -4.0 (/ (/ (/ b x-scale) (/ y-scale a)) t_0)))))))))double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
return ((((((2.0 * (pow(b, 2.0) - pow(a, 2.0))) * sin(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))) * cos(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale) * (((((2.0 * (pow(b, 2.0) - pow(a, 2.0))) * sin(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))) * cos(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale)) - ((4.0 * (((pow((a * sin(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))), 2.0) + pow((b * cos(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))), 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale)) * (((pow((a * cos(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))), 2.0) + pow((b * sin(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))), 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale));
}
double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
double t_0 = (x_45_scale / b) / (a / y_45_scale);
double t_1 = (a * b) / (x_45_scale * y_45_scale);
double t_2 = -4.0 * (t_1 * t_1);
double tmp;
if (a <= 4e-262) {
tmp = t_2;
} else if (a <= 2e-200) {
tmp = -4.0 * pow(((b / y_45_scale) * (a / x_45_scale)), 2.0);
} else if (a <= 9.6e+22) {
tmp = -4.0 * (((a / y_45_scale) * (b / x_45_scale)) / t_0);
} else if (a <= 6.8e+70) {
tmp = t_2;
} else if (a <= 1.25e+88) {
tmp = -4.0 * ((a / x_45_scale) * (a * ((b / y_45_scale) / (x_45_scale * (y_45_scale / b)))));
} else {
tmp = -4.0 * (((b / x_45_scale) / (y_45_scale / a)) / t_0);
}
return tmp;
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
return ((((((2.0 * (Math.pow(b, 2.0) - Math.pow(a, 2.0))) * Math.sin(((angle / 180.0) * Math.PI))) * Math.cos(((angle / 180.0) * Math.PI))) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale) * (((((2.0 * (Math.pow(b, 2.0) - Math.pow(a, 2.0))) * Math.sin(((angle / 180.0) * Math.PI))) * Math.cos(((angle / 180.0) * Math.PI))) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale)) - ((4.0 * (((Math.pow((a * Math.sin(((angle / 180.0) * Math.PI))), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * Math.cos(((angle / 180.0) * Math.PI))), 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale)) * (((Math.pow((a * Math.cos(((angle / 180.0) * Math.PI))), 2.0) + Math.pow((b * Math.sin(((angle / 180.0) * Math.PI))), 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale));
}
public static double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
double t_0 = (x_45_scale / b) / (a / y_45_scale);
double t_1 = (a * b) / (x_45_scale * y_45_scale);
double t_2 = -4.0 * (t_1 * t_1);
double tmp;
if (a <= 4e-262) {
tmp = t_2;
} else if (a <= 2e-200) {
tmp = -4.0 * Math.pow(((b / y_45_scale) * (a / x_45_scale)), 2.0);
} else if (a <= 9.6e+22) {
tmp = -4.0 * (((a / y_45_scale) * (b / x_45_scale)) / t_0);
} else if (a <= 6.8e+70) {
tmp = t_2;
} else if (a <= 1.25e+88) {
tmp = -4.0 * ((a / x_45_scale) * (a * ((b / y_45_scale) / (x_45_scale * (y_45_scale / b)))));
} else {
tmp = -4.0 * (((b / x_45_scale) / (y_45_scale / a)) / t_0);
}
return tmp;
}
def code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale): return ((((((2.0 * (math.pow(b, 2.0) - math.pow(a, 2.0))) * math.sin(((angle / 180.0) * math.pi))) * math.cos(((angle / 180.0) * math.pi))) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale) * (((((2.0 * (math.pow(b, 2.0) - math.pow(a, 2.0))) * math.sin(((angle / 180.0) * math.pi))) * math.cos(((angle / 180.0) * math.pi))) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale)) - ((4.0 * (((math.pow((a * math.sin(((angle / 180.0) * math.pi))), 2.0) + math.pow((b * math.cos(((angle / 180.0) * math.pi))), 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale)) * (((math.pow((a * math.cos(((angle / 180.0) * math.pi))), 2.0) + math.pow((b * math.sin(((angle / 180.0) * math.pi))), 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale))
def code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale): t_0 = (x_45_scale / b) / (a / y_45_scale) t_1 = (a * b) / (x_45_scale * y_45_scale) t_2 = -4.0 * (t_1 * t_1) tmp = 0 if a <= 4e-262: tmp = t_2 elif a <= 2e-200: tmp = -4.0 * math.pow(((b / y_45_scale) * (a / x_45_scale)), 2.0) elif a <= 9.6e+22: tmp = -4.0 * (((a / y_45_scale) * (b / x_45_scale)) / t_0) elif a <= 6.8e+70: tmp = t_2 elif a <= 1.25e+88: tmp = -4.0 * ((a / x_45_scale) * (a * ((b / y_45_scale) / (x_45_scale * (y_45_scale / b))))) else: tmp = -4.0 * (((b / x_45_scale) / (y_45_scale / a)) / t_0) return tmp
function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale) return Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(2.0 * Float64((b ^ 2.0) - (a ^ 2.0))) * sin(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) * cos(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale) * Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(2.0 * Float64((b ^ 2.0) - (a ^ 2.0))) * sin(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) * cos(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale)) - Float64(Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(Float64((Float64(a * sin(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * cos(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale)) * Float64(Float64(Float64((Float64(a * cos(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * sin(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale))) end
function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale) t_0 = Float64(Float64(x_45_scale / b) / Float64(a / y_45_scale)) t_1 = Float64(Float64(a * b) / Float64(x_45_scale * y_45_scale)) t_2 = Float64(-4.0 * Float64(t_1 * t_1)) tmp = 0.0 if (a <= 4e-262) tmp = t_2; elseif (a <= 2e-200) tmp = Float64(-4.0 * (Float64(Float64(b / y_45_scale) * Float64(a / x_45_scale)) ^ 2.0)); elseif (a <= 9.6e+22) tmp = Float64(-4.0 * Float64(Float64(Float64(a / y_45_scale) * Float64(b / x_45_scale)) / t_0)); elseif (a <= 6.8e+70) tmp = t_2; elseif (a <= 1.25e+88) tmp = Float64(-4.0 * Float64(Float64(a / x_45_scale) * Float64(a * Float64(Float64(b / y_45_scale) / Float64(x_45_scale * Float64(y_45_scale / b)))))); else tmp = Float64(-4.0 * Float64(Float64(Float64(b / x_45_scale) / Float64(y_45_scale / a)) / t_0)); end return tmp end
function tmp = code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale) tmp = ((((((2.0 * ((b ^ 2.0) - (a ^ 2.0))) * sin(((angle / 180.0) * pi))) * cos(((angle / 180.0) * pi))) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale) * (((((2.0 * ((b ^ 2.0) - (a ^ 2.0))) * sin(((angle / 180.0) * pi))) * cos(((angle / 180.0) * pi))) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale)) - ((4.0 * (((((a * sin(((angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0) + ((b * cos(((angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale)) * (((((a * cos(((angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0) + ((b * sin(((angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale)); end
function tmp_2 = code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale) t_0 = (x_45_scale / b) / (a / y_45_scale); t_1 = (a * b) / (x_45_scale * y_45_scale); t_2 = -4.0 * (t_1 * t_1); tmp = 0.0; if (a <= 4e-262) tmp = t_2; elseif (a <= 2e-200) tmp = -4.0 * (((b / y_45_scale) * (a / x_45_scale)) ^ 2.0); elseif (a <= 9.6e+22) tmp = -4.0 * (((a / y_45_scale) * (b / x_45_scale)) / t_0); elseif (a <= 6.8e+70) tmp = t_2; elseif (a <= 1.25e+88) tmp = -4.0 * ((a / x_45_scale) * (a * ((b / y_45_scale) / (x_45_scale * (y_45_scale / b))))); else tmp = -4.0 * (((b / x_45_scale) / (y_45_scale / a)) / t_0); end tmp_2 = tmp; end
code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(2.0 * N[(N[Power[b, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] - N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(2.0 * N[(N[Power[b, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] - N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[(4.0 * N[(N[(N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Sin[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Cos[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[(x$45$scale / b), $MachinePrecision] / N[(a / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(N[(a * b), $MachinePrecision] / N[(x$45$scale * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$2 = N[(-4.0 * N[(t$95$1 * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[a, 4e-262], t$95$2, If[LessEqual[a, 2e-200], N[(-4.0 * N[Power[N[(N[(b / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[a, 9.6e+22], N[(-4.0 * N[(N[(N[(a / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[a, 6.8e+70], t$95$2, If[LessEqual[a, 1.25e+88], N[(-4.0 * N[(N[(a / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] * N[(a * N[(N[(b / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / N[(x$45$scale * N[(y$45$scale / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(-4.0 * N[(N[(N[(b / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / N[(y$45$scale / a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / t$95$0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]]]]]]]
\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale} - \left(4 \cdot \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \frac{\frac{x-scale}{b}}{\frac{a}{y-scale}}\\
t_1 := \frac{a \cdot b}{x-scale \cdot y-scale}\\
t_2 := -4 \cdot \left(t_1 \cdot t_1\right)\\
\mathbf{if}\;a \leq 4 \cdot 10^{-262}:\\
\;\;\;\;t_2\\
\mathbf{elif}\;a \leq 2 \cdot 10^{-200}:\\
\;\;\;\;-4 \cdot {\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{x-scale}\right)}^{2}\\
\mathbf{elif}\;a \leq 9.6 \cdot 10^{+22}:\\
\;\;\;\;-4 \cdot \frac{\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale}}{t_0}\\
\mathbf{elif}\;a \leq 6.8 \cdot 10^{+70}:\\
\;\;\;\;t_2\\
\mathbf{elif}\;a \leq 1.25 \cdot 10^{+88}:\\
\;\;\;\;-4 \cdot \left(\frac{a}{x-scale} \cdot \left(a \cdot \frac{\frac{b}{y-scale}}{x-scale \cdot \frac{y-scale}{b}}\right)\right)\\
\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;-4 \cdot \frac{\frac{\frac{b}{x-scale}}{\frac{y-scale}{a}}}{t_0}\\
\end{array}
Results
if a < 4.00000000000000005e-262 or 9.6e22 < a < 6.8000000000000002e70Initial program 40.7
Simplified44.5
[Start]40.7 | \[ \frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale} - \left(4 \cdot \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}
\] |
|---|
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 38.9
Simplified26.8
[Start]38.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2} \cdot {x-scale}^{2}}
\] |
|---|---|
*-commutative [=>]38.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{y-scale}^{2} \cdot {x-scale}^{2}}
\] |
times-frac [=>]39.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)}
\] |
unpow2 [=>]39.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{b \cdot b}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]39.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{b \cdot b}{\color{blue}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
times-frac [=>]31.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right)} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]31.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{\color{blue}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}}\right)
\] |
associate-/r* [=>]26.8 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{{a}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]26.8 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{a \cdot a}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}\right)
\] |
Taylor expanded in b around 0 38.9
Simplified31.0
[Start]38.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}
\] |
|---|---|
*-commutative [<=]38.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{\color{blue}{{y-scale}^{2} \cdot {x-scale}^{2}}}
\] |
associate-/r* [=>]38.6 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}}{{x-scale}^{2}}}
\] |
*-commutative [=>]38.6 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{y-scale}^{2}}}{{x-scale}^{2}}
\] |
unpow2 [=>]38.6 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot b\right)} \cdot {a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}}{{x-scale}^{2}}
\] |
unpow2 [=>]38.6 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{\frac{\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot a\right)}}{{y-scale}^{2}}}{{x-scale}^{2}}
\] |
unpow2 [=>]38.6 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{\frac{\left(b \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right)}{\color{blue}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}}}{{x-scale}^{2}}
\] |
unswap-sqr [=>]31.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot a\right)}}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}}{{x-scale}^{2}}
\] |
unpow2 [=>]31.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{\frac{\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot a\right)}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}}{\color{blue}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}}
\] |
Applied egg-rr5.6
if 4.00000000000000005e-262 < a < 2e-200Initial program 30.7
Simplified38.6
[Start]30.7 | \[ \frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale} - \left(4 \cdot \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}
\] |
|---|
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 36.4
Simplified22.8
[Start]36.4 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2} \cdot {x-scale}^{2}}
\] |
|---|---|
*-commutative [=>]36.4 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{y-scale}^{2} \cdot {x-scale}^{2}}
\] |
times-frac [=>]36.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)}
\] |
unpow2 [=>]36.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{b \cdot b}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]36.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{b \cdot b}{\color{blue}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
times-frac [=>]27.1 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right)} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]27.1 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{\color{blue}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}}\right)
\] |
associate-/r* [=>]22.8 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{{a}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]22.8 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{a \cdot a}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}\right)
\] |
Taylor expanded in b around 0 36.4
Simplified4.6
[Start]36.4 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}
\] |
|---|---|
times-frac [=>]36.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)}
\] |
unpow2 [=>]36.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{a \cdot a}}{{x-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]36.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{a \cdot a}{\color{blue}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
associate-*l/ [<=]35.3 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{a}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} \cdot a\right)} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]35.3 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{a}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} \cdot a\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{b \cdot b}}{{y-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]35.3 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{a}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} \cdot a\right) \cdot \frac{b \cdot b}{\color{blue}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}}\right)
\] |
*-commutative [=>]35.3 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(a \cdot \frac{a}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}\right)} \cdot \frac{b \cdot b}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right)
\] |
associate-/r* [=>]29.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{a}{x-scale}}{x-scale}}\right) \cdot \frac{b \cdot b}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right)
\] |
associate-*r/ [=>]28.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\frac{a \cdot \frac{a}{x-scale}}{x-scale}} \cdot \frac{b \cdot b}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right)
\] |
associate-*l/ [<=]28.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{a}{x-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{x-scale}\right)} \cdot \frac{b \cdot b}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [<=]28.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{{\left(\frac{a}{x-scale}\right)}^{2}} \cdot \frac{b \cdot b}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right)
\] |
associate-*r/ [=>]27.1 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(\frac{a}{x-scale}\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(b \cdot b\right)}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}}
\] |
times-frac [=>]19.6 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{\left(\frac{a}{x-scale}\right)}^{2}}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b \cdot b}{y-scale}\right)}
\] |
associate-*l/ [<=]14.6 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{{\left(\frac{a}{x-scale}\right)}^{2}}{y-scale} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot b\right)}\right)
\] |
associate-/r/ [<=]14.6 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{{\left(\frac{a}{x-scale}\right)}^{2}}{y-scale} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{b}{\frac{y-scale}{b}}}\right)
\] |
associate-*l/ [=>]14.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(\frac{a}{x-scale}\right)}^{2} \cdot \frac{b}{\frac{y-scale}{b}}}{y-scale}}
\] |
associate-*r/ [<=]15.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left({\left(\frac{a}{x-scale}\right)}^{2} \cdot \frac{\frac{b}{\frac{y-scale}{b}}}{y-scale}\right)}
\] |
*-commutative [=>]15.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{b}{\frac{y-scale}{b}}}{y-scale} \cdot {\left(\frac{a}{x-scale}\right)}^{2}\right)}
\] |
associate-/r/ [=>]16.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot b}}{y-scale} \cdot {\left(\frac{a}{x-scale}\right)}^{2}\right)
\] |
associate-*r/ [<=]12.7 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right)} \cdot {\left(\frac{a}{x-scale}\right)}^{2}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]12.7 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{a}{x-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{x-scale}\right)}\right)
\] |
if 2e-200 < a < 9.6e22Initial program 34.8
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 32.9
Simplified16.4
[Start]32.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2} \cdot {x-scale}^{2}}
\] |
|---|---|
*-commutative [=>]32.9 | \[ \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2} \cdot {x-scale}^{2}} \cdot -4}
\] |
times-frac [=>]33.2 | \[ \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)} \cdot -4
\] |
associate-*l* [=>]33.2 | \[ \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} \cdot -4\right)}
\] |
unpow2 [=>]33.2 | \[ \frac{\color{blue}{a \cdot a}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} \cdot -4\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]33.2 | \[ \frac{a \cdot a}{\color{blue}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}} \cdot \left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} \cdot -4\right)
\] |
times-frac [=>]29.0 | \[ \color{blue}{\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} \cdot -4\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]29.0 | \[ \left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{b \cdot b}}{{x-scale}^{2}} \cdot -4\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]29.0 | \[ \left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{b \cdot b}{\color{blue}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}} \cdot -4\right)
\] |
times-frac [=>]16.4 | \[ \left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{b}{x-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale}\right)} \cdot -4\right)
\] |
Taylor expanded in a around 0 32.9
Simplified3.4
[Start]32.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}
\] |
|---|---|
*-commutative [=>]32.9 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{\color{blue}{{y-scale}^{2} \cdot {x-scale}^{2}}}
\] |
times-frac [=>]33.2 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)}
\] |
unpow2 [=>]33.2 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{a \cdot a}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]33.2 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{a \cdot a}{\color{blue}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
times-frac [=>]29.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right)} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]29.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{b \cdot b}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]29.0 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{b \cdot b}{\color{blue}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}}\right)
\] |
times-frac [=>]16.4 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{b}{x-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale}\right)}\right)
\] |
swap-sqr [<=]3.5 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale}\right)\right)}
\] |
unpow2 [<=]3.5 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale}\right)}^{2}}
\] |
associate-*r/ [=>]3.5 | \[ -4 \cdot {\color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot b}{x-scale}\right)}}^{2}
\] |
associate-/l* [=>]3.4 | \[ -4 \cdot {\color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{a}{y-scale}}{\frac{x-scale}{b}}\right)}}^{2}
\] |
Applied egg-rr3.5
if 6.8000000000000002e70 < a < 1.24999999999999999e88Initial program 43.1
Simplified45.6
[Start]43.1 | \[ \frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale} - \left(4 \cdot \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}
\] |
|---|
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 34.6
Simplified26.2
[Start]34.6 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2} \cdot {x-scale}^{2}}
\] |
|---|---|
*-commutative [=>]34.6 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{{b}^{2} \cdot {a}^{2}}}{{y-scale}^{2} \cdot {x-scale}^{2}}
\] |
times-frac [=>]37.1 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)}
\] |
unpow2 [=>]37.1 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{b \cdot b}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]37.1 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{b \cdot b}{\color{blue}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
times-frac [=>]27.5 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right)} \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]27.5 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{{a}^{2}}{\color{blue}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}}\right)
\] |
associate-/r* [=>]26.2 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{{a}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]26.2 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{b}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{a \cdot a}}{x-scale}}{x-scale}\right)
\] |
Applied egg-rr14.5
Applied egg-rr12.7
if 1.24999999999999999e88 < a Initial program 58.5
Taylor expanded in angle around 0 54.8
Simplified25.5
[Start]54.8 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2} \cdot {x-scale}^{2}}
\] |
|---|---|
*-commutative [=>]54.8 | \[ \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2} \cdot {x-scale}^{2}} \cdot -4}
\] |
times-frac [=>]54.7 | \[ \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)} \cdot -4
\] |
associate-*l* [=>]54.7 | \[ \color{blue}{\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} \cdot -4\right)}
\] |
unpow2 [=>]54.7 | \[ \frac{\color{blue}{a \cdot a}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} \cdot -4\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]54.7 | \[ \frac{a \cdot a}{\color{blue}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}} \cdot \left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} \cdot -4\right)
\] |
times-frac [=>]38.3 | \[ \color{blue}{\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}} \cdot -4\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]38.3 | \[ \left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{b \cdot b}}{{x-scale}^{2}} \cdot -4\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]38.3 | \[ \left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{b \cdot b}{\color{blue}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}} \cdot -4\right)
\] |
times-frac [=>]25.5 | \[ \left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{b}{x-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale}\right)} \cdot -4\right)
\] |
Taylor expanded in a around 0 54.8
Simplified9.5
[Start]54.8 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2} \cdot {y-scale}^{2}}
\] |
|---|---|
*-commutative [=>]54.8 | \[ -4 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {b}^{2}}{\color{blue}{{y-scale}^{2} \cdot {x-scale}^{2}}}
\] |
times-frac [=>]54.7 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{{a}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)}
\] |
unpow2 [=>]54.7 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{\color{blue}{a \cdot a}}{{y-scale}^{2}} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]54.7 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\frac{a \cdot a}{\color{blue}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
times-frac [=>]38.3 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right)} \cdot \frac{{b}^{2}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]38.3 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{\color{blue}{b \cdot b}}{{x-scale}^{2}}\right)
\] |
unpow2 [=>]38.3 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \frac{b \cdot b}{\color{blue}{x-scale \cdot x-scale}}\right)
\] |
times-frac [=>]25.4 | \[ -4 \cdot \left(\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{a}{y-scale}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\frac{b}{x-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale}\right)}\right)
\] |
swap-sqr [<=]9.4 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale}\right)\right)}
\] |
unpow2 [<=]9.4 | \[ -4 \cdot \color{blue}{{\left(\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot \frac{b}{x-scale}\right)}^{2}}
\] |
associate-*r/ [=>]10.6 | \[ -4 \cdot {\color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{a}{y-scale} \cdot b}{x-scale}\right)}}^{2}
\] |
associate-/l* [=>]9.5 | \[ -4 \cdot {\color{blue}{\left(\frac{\frac{a}{y-scale}}{\frac{x-scale}{b}}\right)}}^{2}
\] |
Applied egg-rr9.5
Applied egg-rr9.4
Final simplification5.6
| Alternative 1 | |
|---|---|
| Error | 5.9 |
| Cost | 1484 |
| Alternative 2 | |
|---|---|
| Error | 8.8 |
| Cost | 1353 |
| Alternative 3 | |
|---|---|
| Error | 6.1 |
| Cost | 1353 |
| Alternative 4 | |
|---|---|
| Error | 8.6 |
| Cost | 1088 |
| Alternative 5 | |
|---|---|
| Error | 30.7 |
| Cost | 64 |
herbie shell --seed 2023054
(FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
:name "Simplification of discriminant from scale-rotated-ellipse"
:precision binary64
(- (* (/ (/ (* (* (* 2.0 (- (pow b 2.0) (pow a 2.0))) (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) x-scale) y-scale) (/ (/ (* (* (* 2.0 (- (pow b 2.0) (pow a 2.0))) (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) x-scale) y-scale)) (* (* 4.0 (/ (/ (+ (pow (* a (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0) (pow (* b (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)) x-scale) x-scale)) (/ (/ (+ (pow (* a (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)) y-scale) y-scale))))