The quadratic formula (r2)

Average Error: 33.9 → 10.4

Time: 16.4s

Precision: binary64

Cost: 7688

Math

\[\frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a} \]

↓

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq -3.3 \cdot 10^{-46}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-0.5}{0.5 \cdot \frac{b}{c} + -0.5 \cdot \frac{a}{b}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \leq 1.75 \cdot 10^{+60}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(c \cdot a\right)}}{a \cdot 2}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c}{b} - \frac{b}{a}\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b c)
 :precision binary64
 (/ (- (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* 4.0 (* a c))))) (* 2.0 a)))

↓

(FPCore (a b c)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= b -3.3e-46)
   (/ -0.5 (+ (* 0.5 (/ b c)) (* -0.5 (/ a b))))
   (if (<= b 1.75e+60)
     (/ (- (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* 4.0 (* c a))))) (* a 2.0))
     (- (/ c b) (/ b a)))))

C

double code(double a, double b, double c) {
	return (-b - sqrt(((b * b) - (4.0 * (a * c))))) / (2.0 * a);
}

↓

double code(double a, double b, double c) {
	double tmp;
	if (b <= -3.3e-46) {
		tmp = -0.5 / ((0.5 * (b / c)) + (-0.5 * (a / b)));
	} else if (b <= 1.75e+60) {
		tmp = (-b - sqrt(((b * b) - (4.0 * (c * a))))) / (a * 2.0);
	} else {
		tmp = (c / b) - (b / a);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(a, b, c)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    real(8), intent (in) :: c
    code = (-b - sqrt(((b * b) - (4.0d0 * (a * c))))) / (2.0d0 * a)
end function

↓

real(8) function code(a, b, c)
    real(8), intent (in) :: a
    real(8), intent (in) :: b
    real(8), intent (in) :: c
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (b <= (-3.3d-46)) then
        tmp = (-0.5d0) / ((0.5d0 * (b / c)) + ((-0.5d0) * (a / b)))
    else if (b <= 1.75d+60) then
        tmp = (-b - sqrt(((b * b) - (4.0d0 * (c * a))))) / (a * 2.0d0)
    else
        tmp = (c / b) - (b / a)
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double a, double b, double c) {
	return (-b - Math.sqrt(((b * b) - (4.0 * (a * c))))) / (2.0 * a);
}

↓

public static double code(double a, double b, double c) {
	double tmp;
	if (b <= -3.3e-46) {
		tmp = -0.5 / ((0.5 * (b / c)) + (-0.5 * (a / b)));
	} else if (b <= 1.75e+60) {
		tmp = (-b - Math.sqrt(((b * b) - (4.0 * (c * a))))) / (a * 2.0);
	} else {
		tmp = (c / b) - (b / a);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(a, b, c):
	return (-b - math.sqrt(((b * b) - (4.0 * (a * c))))) / (2.0 * a)

↓

def code(a, b, c):
	tmp = 0
	if b <= -3.3e-46:
		tmp = -0.5 / ((0.5 * (b / c)) + (-0.5 * (a / b)))
	elif b <= 1.75e+60:
		tmp = (-b - math.sqrt(((b * b) - (4.0 * (c * a))))) / (a * 2.0)
	else:
		tmp = (c / b) - (b / a)
	return tmp

Julia

function code(a, b, c)
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(-b) - sqrt(Float64(Float64(b * b) - Float64(4.0 * Float64(a * c))))) / Float64(2.0 * a))
end

↓

function code(a, b, c)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (b <= -3.3e-46)
		tmp = Float64(-0.5 / Float64(Float64(0.5 * Float64(b / c)) + Float64(-0.5 * Float64(a / b))));
	elseif (b <= 1.75e+60)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(Float64(-b) - sqrt(Float64(Float64(b * b) - Float64(4.0 * Float64(c * a))))) / Float64(a * 2.0));
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(c / b) - Float64(b / a));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(a, b, c)
	tmp = (-b - sqrt(((b * b) - (4.0 * (a * c))))) / (2.0 * a);
end

↓

function tmp_2 = code(a, b, c)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (b <= -3.3e-46)
		tmp = -0.5 / ((0.5 * (b / c)) + (-0.5 * (a / b)));
	elseif (b <= 1.75e+60)
		tmp = (-b - sqrt(((b * b) - (4.0 * (c * a))))) / (a * 2.0);
	else
		tmp = (c / b) - (b / a);
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_, c_] := N[(N[((-b) - N[Sqrt[N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] - N[(4.0 * N[(a * c), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(2.0 * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

↓

code[a_, b_, c_] := If[LessEqual[b, -3.3e-46], N[(-0.5 / N[(N[(0.5 * N[(b / c), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-0.5 * N[(a / b), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[b, 1.75e+60], N[(N[((-b) - N[Sqrt[N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] - N[(4.0 * N[(c * a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(a * 2.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(c / b), $MachinePrecision] - N[(b / a), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]

Target

Original	33.9
Target	21.2
Herbie	10.4

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b < 0:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c}{a \cdot \frac{\left(-b\right) + \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a}\\ \end{array} \]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if b < -3.30000000000000013e-46

   1. Initial program 53.9

      \[\frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a} \]

   2. Simplified 53.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-0.5}{a} \cdot \left(b + \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(c, a \cdot -4, b \cdot b\right)}\right)} \]
      Proof

      [Start] 53.9	\[ \frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a} \]
      *-lft-identity [<=] 53.9	\[ \color{blue}{1 \cdot \frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a}} \]
      metadata-eval [<=] 53.9	\[ \color{blue}{\left(--1\right)} \cdot \frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a} \]
      associate-*r/ [=>] 53.9	\[ \color{blue}{\frac{\left(--1\right) \cdot \left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)}{2 \cdot a}} \]
      associate-*l/ [<=] 53.9	\[ \color{blue}{\frac{--1}{2 \cdot a} \cdot \left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)} \]
      distribute-neg-frac [<=] 53.9	\[ \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{-1}{2 \cdot a}\right)} \cdot \left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right) \]
      distribute-lft-neg-in [<=] 53.9	\[ \color{blue}{-\frac{-1}{2 \cdot a} \cdot \left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)} \]
      distribute-rgt-neg-out [<=] 53.9	\[ \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2 \cdot a} \cdot \left(-\left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)\right)} \]
      associate-/r* [=>] 53.9	\[ \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{-1}{2}}{a}} \cdot \left(-\left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)\right) \]
      metadata-eval [=>] 53.9	\[ \frac{\color{blue}{-0.5}}{a} \cdot \left(-\left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)\right) \]
      sub-neg [=>] 53.9	\[ \frac{-0.5}{a} \cdot \left(-\color{blue}{\left(\left(-b\right) + \left(-\sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)\right)}\right) \]
      distribute-neg-out [=>] 53.9	\[ \frac{-0.5}{a} \cdot \left(-\color{blue}{\left(-\left(b + \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)\right)}\right) \]
      remove-double-neg [=>] 53.9	\[ \frac{-0.5}{a} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b + \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)} \]
      sub-neg [=>] 53.9	\[ \frac{-0.5}{a} \cdot \left(b + \sqrt{\color{blue}{b \cdot b + \left(-4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)\right)}}\right) \]
      +-commutative [=>] 53.9	\[ \frac{-0.5}{a} \cdot \left(b + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)\right) + b \cdot b}}\right) \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 53.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-0.5}{\frac{a}{b + \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(c, a \cdot -4, b \cdot b\right)}}}} \]

   4. Taylor expanded in b around -inf 8.5

      \[\leadsto \frac{-0.5}{\color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \frac{b}{c} + -0.5 \cdot \frac{a}{b}}} \]

   if -3.30000000000000013e-46 < b < 1.7500000000000001e60

   1. Initial program 14.6

      \[\frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a} \]

   if 1.7500000000000001e60 < b

   1. Initial program 39.6

      \[\frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a} \]

   2. Simplified 39.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{-0.5}{a} \cdot \left(b + \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(c, a \cdot -4, b \cdot b\right)}\right)} \]
      Proof

      [Start] 39.6	\[ \frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a} \]
      *-lft-identity [<=] 39.6	\[ \color{blue}{1 \cdot \frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a}} \]
      metadata-eval [<=] 39.6	\[ \color{blue}{\left(--1\right)} \cdot \frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}}{2 \cdot a} \]
      associate-*r/ [=>] 39.6	\[ \color{blue}{\frac{\left(--1\right) \cdot \left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)}{2 \cdot a}} \]
      associate-*l/ [<=] 39.7	\[ \color{blue}{\frac{--1}{2 \cdot a} \cdot \left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)} \]
      distribute-neg-frac [<=] 39.7	\[ \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{-1}{2 \cdot a}\right)} \cdot \left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right) \]
      distribute-lft-neg-in [<=] 39.7	\[ \color{blue}{-\frac{-1}{2 \cdot a} \cdot \left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)} \]
      distribute-rgt-neg-out [<=] 39.7	\[ \color{blue}{\frac{-1}{2 \cdot a} \cdot \left(-\left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)\right)} \]
      associate-/r* [=>] 39.7	\[ \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{-1}{2}}{a}} \cdot \left(-\left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)\right) \]
      metadata-eval [=>] 39.7	\[ \frac{\color{blue}{-0.5}}{a} \cdot \left(-\left(\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)\right) \]
      sub-neg [=>] 39.7	\[ \frac{-0.5}{a} \cdot \left(-\color{blue}{\left(\left(-b\right) + \left(-\sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)\right)}\right) \]
      distribute-neg-out [=>] 39.7	\[ \frac{-0.5}{a} \cdot \left(-\color{blue}{\left(-\left(b + \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)\right)}\right) \]
      remove-double-neg [=>] 39.7	\[ \frac{-0.5}{a} \cdot \color{blue}{\left(b + \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)}\right)} \]
      sub-neg [=>] 39.7	\[ \frac{-0.5}{a} \cdot \left(b + \sqrt{\color{blue}{b \cdot b + \left(-4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)\right)}}\right) \]
      +-commutative [=>] 39.7	\[ \frac{-0.5}{a} \cdot \left(b + \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(-4 \cdot \left(a \cdot c\right)\right) + b \cdot b}}\right) \]

   3. Taylor expanded in a around 0 4.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{c}{b} + -1 \cdot \frac{b}{a}} \]

   4. Simplified 4.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{c}{b} - \frac{b}{a}} \]
      Proof

      [Start] 4.9	\[ \frac{c}{b} + -1 \cdot \frac{b}{a} \]
      mul-1-neg [=>] 4.9	\[ \frac{c}{b} + \color{blue}{\left(-\frac{b}{a}\right)} \]
      unsub-neg [=>] 4.9	\[ \color{blue}{\frac{c}{b} - \frac{b}{a}} \]

3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 10.4

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq -3.3 \cdot 10^{-46}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-0.5}{0.5 \cdot \frac{b}{c} + -0.5 \cdot \frac{a}{b}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \leq 1.75 \cdot 10^{+60}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{b \cdot b - 4 \cdot \left(c \cdot a\right)}}{a \cdot 2}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c}{b} - \frac{b}{a}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternatives

Alternative 1
Error	13.8
Cost	7432

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq -1.55 \cdot 10^{-46}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-0.5}{0.5 \cdot \frac{b}{c} + -0.5 \cdot \frac{a}{b}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \leq 1.1 \cdot 10^{-21}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(-b\right) - \sqrt{c \cdot \left(a \cdot -4\right)}}{a \cdot 2}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c}{b} - \frac{b}{a}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 2
Error	13.8
Cost	7368

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq -1.8 \cdot 10^{-47}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-0.5}{0.5 \cdot \frac{b}{c} + -0.5 \cdot \frac{a}{b}}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \leq 1.8 \cdot 10^{-22}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(b + \sqrt{c \cdot \left(a \cdot -4\right)}\right) \cdot \frac{-0.5}{a}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c}{b} - \frac{b}{a}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 3
Error	22.7
Cost	964

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq -4 \cdot 10^{-310}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-0.5}{0.5 \cdot \frac{b}{c} + -0.5 \cdot \frac{a}{b}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-b}{a}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 4
Error	39.7
Cost	388

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq -1.4 \cdot 10^{+23}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{c}{b}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-b}{a}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 5
Error	22.7
Cost	388

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq -3.6 \cdot 10^{-288}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-c}{b}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-b}{a}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 6
Error	62.3
Cost	192

\[\frac{b}{a} \]

Alternative 7
Error	56.8
Cost	192

\[\frac{c}{b} \]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2023046 
(FPCore (a b c)
  :name "The quadratic formula (r2)"
  :precision binary64

  :herbie-target
  (if (< b 0.0) (/ c (* a (/ (+ (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* 4.0 (* a c))))) (* 2.0 a)))) (/ (- (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* 4.0 (* a c))))) (* 2.0 a)))

  (/ (- (- b) (sqrt (- (* b b) (* 4.0 (* a c))))) (* 2.0 a)))