a from scale-rotated-ellipse

Average Error: 63.6 → 42.7

Time: 1.6min

Precision: binary64

Cost: 65732

Math

\[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]

↓

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := 0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\\ t_1 := \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, {\sin t_0}^{2}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {\cos t_0}^{2}\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;x-scale \leq -2.75 \cdot 10^{+28}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right) \cdot \sqrt{t_1}\right) \cdot -0.25\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x-scale \leq 4.3 \cdot 10^{+126}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left|b \cdot y-scale\right|\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.25 \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot t_1}\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
 :precision binary64
 (/
  (-
   (sqrt
    (*
     (*
      (* 2.0 (/ (* 4.0 (* (* b a) (* b (- a)))) (pow (* x-scale y-scale) 2.0)))
      (* (* b a) (* b (- a))))
     (+
      (+
       (/
        (/
         (+
          (pow (* a (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)
          (pow (* b (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0))
         x-scale)
        x-scale)
       (/
        (/
         (+
          (pow (* a (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)
          (pow (* b (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0))
         y-scale)
        y-scale))
      (sqrt
       (+
        (pow
         (-
          (/
           (/
            (+
             (pow (* a (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)
             (pow (* b (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0))
            x-scale)
           x-scale)
          (/
           (/
            (+
             (pow (* a (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)
             (pow (* b (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0))
            y-scale)
           y-scale))
         2.0)
        (pow
         (/
          (/
           (*
            (*
             (* 2.0 (- (pow b 2.0) (pow a 2.0)))
             (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI)))
            (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI)))
           x-scale)
          y-scale)
         2.0)))))))
  (/ (* 4.0 (* (* b a) (* b (- a)))) (pow (* x-scale y-scale) 2.0))))

↓

(FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* 0.005555555555555556 (* angle PI)))
        (t_1
         (fma (* b b) (pow (sin t_0) 2.0) (* (* a a) (pow (cos t_0) 2.0)))))
   (if (<= x-scale -2.75e+28)
     (* (sqrt 2.0) (* (* (* x-scale (sqrt 8.0)) (sqrt t_1)) -0.25))
     (if (<= x-scale 4.3e+126)
       (fabs (* b y-scale))
       (* 0.25 (* x-scale (* (sqrt 8.0) (sqrt (* 2.0 t_1)))))))))

C

double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
	return -sqrt((((2.0 * ((4.0 * ((b * a) * (b * -a))) / pow((x_45_scale * y_45_scale), 2.0))) * ((b * a) * (b * -a))) * (((((pow((a * sin(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))), 2.0) + pow((b * cos(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))), 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale) + (((pow((a * cos(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))), 2.0) + pow((b * sin(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))), 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale)) + sqrt((pow(((((pow((a * sin(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))), 2.0) + pow((b * cos(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))), 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale) - (((pow((a * cos(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))), 2.0) + pow((b * sin(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))), 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale)), 2.0) + pow((((((2.0 * (pow(b, 2.0) - pow(a, 2.0))) * sin(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))) * cos(((angle / 180.0) * ((double) M_PI)))) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale), 2.0)))))) / ((4.0 * ((b * a) * (b * -a))) / pow((x_45_scale * y_45_scale), 2.0));
}

↓

double code(double a, double b, double angle, double x_45_scale, double y_45_scale) {
	double t_0 = 0.005555555555555556 * (angle * ((double) M_PI));
	double t_1 = fma((b * b), pow(sin(t_0), 2.0), ((a * a) * pow(cos(t_0), 2.0)));
	double tmp;
	if (x_45_scale <= -2.75e+28) {
		tmp = sqrt(2.0) * (((x_45_scale * sqrt(8.0)) * sqrt(t_1)) * -0.25);
	} else if (x_45_scale <= 4.3e+126) {
		tmp = fabs((b * y_45_scale));
	} else {
		tmp = 0.25 * (x_45_scale * (sqrt(8.0) * sqrt((2.0 * t_1))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
	return Float64(Float64(-sqrt(Float64(Float64(Float64(2.0 * Float64(Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(b * a) * Float64(b * Float64(-a)))) / (Float64(x_45_scale * y_45_scale) ^ 2.0))) * Float64(Float64(b * a) * Float64(b * Float64(-a)))) * Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64((Float64(a * sin(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * cos(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale) + Float64(Float64(Float64((Float64(a * cos(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * sin(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale)) + sqrt(Float64((Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64((Float64(a * sin(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * cos(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0)) / x_45_scale) / x_45_scale) - Float64(Float64(Float64((Float64(a * cos(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(b * sin(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) ^ 2.0)) / y_45_scale) / y_45_scale)) ^ 2.0) + (Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(Float64(2.0 * Float64((b ^ 2.0) - (a ^ 2.0))) * sin(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) * cos(Float64(Float64(angle / 180.0) * pi))) / x_45_scale) / y_45_scale) ^ 2.0))))))) / Float64(Float64(4.0 * Float64(Float64(b * a) * Float64(b * Float64(-a)))) / (Float64(x_45_scale * y_45_scale) ^ 2.0)))
end

↓

function code(a, b, angle, x_45_scale, y_45_scale)
	t_0 = Float64(0.005555555555555556 * Float64(angle * pi))
	t_1 = fma(Float64(b * b), (sin(t_0) ^ 2.0), Float64(Float64(a * a) * (cos(t_0) ^ 2.0)))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x_45_scale <= -2.75e+28)
		tmp = Float64(sqrt(2.0) * Float64(Float64(Float64(x_45_scale * sqrt(8.0)) * sqrt(t_1)) * -0.25));
	elseif (x_45_scale <= 4.3e+126)
		tmp = abs(Float64(b * y_45_scale));
	else
		tmp = Float64(0.25 * Float64(x_45_scale * Float64(sqrt(8.0) * sqrt(Float64(2.0 * t_1)))));
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := N[((-N[Sqrt[N[(N[(N[(2.0 * N[(N[(4.0 * N[(N[(b * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * (-a)), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[N[(x$45$scale * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(b * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * (-a)), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Sin[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Cos[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[Sqrt[N[(N[Power[N[(N[(N[(N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Sin[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Cos[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] - N[(N[(N[(N[Power[N[(a * N[Cos[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(b * N[Sin[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[Power[N[(N[(N[(N[(N[(2.0 * N[(N[Power[b, 2.0], $MachinePrecision] - N[Power[a, 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[N[(N[(angle / 180.0), $MachinePrecision] * Pi), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / x$45$scale), $MachinePrecision] / y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]) / N[(N[(4.0 * N[(N[(b * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[(b * (-a)), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[Power[N[(x$45$scale * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

↓

code[a_, b_, angle_, x$45$scale_, y$45$scale_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(0.005555555555555556 * N[(angle * Pi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(N[(b * b), $MachinePrecision] * N[Power[N[Sin[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(a * a), $MachinePrecision] * N[Power[N[Cos[t$95$0], $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[x$45$scale, -2.75e+28], N[(N[Sqrt[2.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(N[(x$45$scale * N[Sqrt[8.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[t$95$1], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * -0.25), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x$45$scale, 4.3e+126], N[Abs[N[(b * y$45$scale), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision], N[(0.25 * N[(x$45$scale * N[(N[Sqrt[8.0], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sqrt[N[(2.0 * t$95$1), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]]]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if x-scale < -2.7500000000000002e28

   1. Initial program 63.4

      \[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]

   2. Simplified 63.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2} \cdot \left(-0.25 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{\left(b \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right) \cdot \frac{8 \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(\left(-a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}\right) + \mathsf{hypot}\left(\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale \cdot x-scale} - \frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale \cdot y-scale}, \frac{2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot b - a \cdot a\right)\right)}{x-scale} \cdot \frac{\cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{y-scale}\right)\right)}}{b \cdot \left(\left(-a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot a\right)\right)}\right)} \]
      Proof

      [Start] 63.4

      \[ \frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]

   3. Taylor expanded in x-scale around -inf 59.3

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-0.25 \cdot \left(\left(y-scale \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}}\right)} \]

   4. Simplified 59.3

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(-0.25 \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot x-scale\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left(\frac{b \cdot b}{\frac{y-scale \cdot y-scale}{{\sin \left(angle \cdot \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}} + \frac{a \cdot a}{\frac{y-scale \cdot y-scale}{{\cos \left(angle \cdot \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}}\right)}} \]
      Proof

      [Start] 59.3	\[ -0.25 \cdot \left(\left(y-scale \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}}\right) \]
      associate-*r* [=>] 59.3	\[ -0.25 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(\left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right) \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)} \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}}\right) \]
      *-commutative [<=] 59.3	\[ -0.25 \cdot \left(\left(\color{blue}{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)} \cdot \sqrt{8}\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}}\right) \]
      associate-*r* [<=] 59.3	\[ -0.25 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(x-scale \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}}\right) \]
      associate-*r* [=>] 59.3	\[ \color{blue}{\left(-0.25 \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}}} \]
      associate-*r* [=>] 59.3	\[ \left(-0.25 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right) \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}} \]
      *-commutative [=>] 59.3	\[ \left(-0.25 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\left(y-scale \cdot x-scale\right)} \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}} \]
      associate-*r* [<=] 59.3	\[ \left(-0.25 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(y-scale \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}} \]
      *-commutative [=>] 59.3	\[ \left(-0.25 \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{8} \cdot x-scale\right)}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \frac{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}} + 2 \cdot \frac{{b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{{y-scale}^{2}}} \]

   5. Taylor expanded in y-scale around 0 43.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-0.25 \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}\right)} \]

   6. Simplified 43.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}\right) \cdot -0.25\right)} \]
      Proof

      [Start] 43.5	\[ -0.25 \cdot \left(\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}\right) \]
      *-commutative [=>] 43.5	\[ \color{blue}{\left(\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)\right) \cdot \sqrt{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot -0.25} \]
      associate-*l* [=>] 43.5	\[ \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right) \cdot \sqrt{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}\right)\right)} \cdot -0.25 \]
      associate-*l* [=>] 43.5	\[ \color{blue}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right) \cdot \sqrt{{a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot -0.25\right)} \]

   if -2.7500000000000002e28 < x-scale < 4.3000000000000002e126

   1. Initial program 63.5

      \[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in angle around 0 52.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.25 \cdot \left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \left(b \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   3. Simplified 52.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(0.25 \cdot \sqrt{2}\right) \cdot \left(\left(y-scale \cdot b\right) \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)} \]
      Proof

      [Start] 52.4	\[ 0.25 \cdot \left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \left(b \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)\right)\right) \]
      associate-*r* [=>] 52.4	\[ \color{blue}{\left(0.25 \cdot \sqrt{2}\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \left(b \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)\right)} \]
      associate-*r* [=>] 52.4	\[ \left(0.25 \cdot \sqrt{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(y-scale \cdot b\right) \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)} \]

   4. Applied egg-rr 52.9

      \[\leadsto \left(0.25 \cdot \sqrt{2}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(\mathsf{log1p}\left(y-scale \cdot \left(b \cdot \sqrt{8}\right)\right)\right)} \]

   5. Applied egg-rr 50.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{0.125 \cdot \left(8 \cdot {\left(y-scale \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right)}} \]

   6. Simplified 42.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left|y-scale \cdot b\right|} \]
      Proof

      [Start] 50.6	\[ \sqrt{0.125 \cdot \left(8 \cdot {\left(y-scale \cdot b\right)}^{2}\right)} \]
      associate-*r* [=>] 50.6	\[ \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(0.125 \cdot 8\right) \cdot {\left(y-scale \cdot b\right)}^{2}}} \]
      metadata-eval [=>] 50.6	\[ \sqrt{\color{blue}{1} \cdot {\left(y-scale \cdot b\right)}^{2}} \]
      *-lft-identity [=>] 50.6	\[ \sqrt{\color{blue}{{\left(y-scale \cdot b\right)}^{2}}} \]
      unpow2 [=>] 50.6	\[ \sqrt{\color{blue}{\left(y-scale \cdot b\right) \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot b\right)}} \]
      rem-sqrt-square [=>] 42.9	\[ \color{blue}{\left|y-scale \cdot b\right|} \]

   if 4.3000000000000002e126 < x-scale

   1. Initial program 63.8

      \[\frac{-\sqrt{\left(\left(2 \cdot \frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}\right) \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} + \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right) + \sqrt{{\left(\frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{x-scale}}{x-scale} - \frac{\frac{{\left(a \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(b \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}}{y-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2} + {\left(\frac{\frac{\left(\left(2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} - {a}^{2}\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{angle}{180} \cdot \pi\right)}{x-scale}}{y-scale}\right)}^{2}}\right)}}{\frac{4 \cdot \left(\left(b \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(-a\right)\right)\right)}{{\left(x-scale \cdot y-scale\right)}^{2}}} \]

   2. Taylor expanded in y-scale around 0 39.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right) + 2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}\right)} \]

   3. Simplified 39.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.25 \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)} \]
      Proof

      [Start] 39.7	\[ 0.25 \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right) \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right) + 2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}\right) \]
      associate-*l* [=>] 39.7	\[ 0.25 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(x-scale \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right) + 2 \cdot \left({b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)} \]
      distribute-lft-out [=>] 39.7	\[ 0.25 \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot \sqrt{\color{blue}{2 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}}\right)\right) \]
      +-commutative [=>] 39.7	\[ 0.25 \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left({b}^{2} \cdot {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2} + {a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}}\right)\right) \]
      fma-def [=>] 39.7	\[ 0.25 \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left({b}^{2}, {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}, {a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}}\right)\right) \]
      unpow2 [=>] 39.7	\[ 0.25 \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(\color{blue}{b \cdot b}, {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}, {a}^{2} \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}\right)\right) \]

3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 42.7

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x-scale \leq -2.75 \cdot 10^{+28}:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(\left(\left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right) \cdot \sqrt{\mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}\right) \cdot -0.25\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x-scale \leq 4.3 \cdot 10^{+126}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left|b \cdot y-scale\right|\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.25 \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, {\sin \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {\cos \left(0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\right)}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternatives

Alternative 1
Error	44.2
Cost	59464

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := 0.005555555555555556 \cdot \left(angle \cdot \pi\right)\\ t_1 := \cos t_0\\ \mathbf{if}\;x-scale \leq -1.8 \cdot 10^{+30}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.25 \cdot \left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot t_1\right)\right)\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x-scale \leq 8.2 \cdot 10^{+126}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left|b \cdot y-scale\right|\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.25 \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot \sqrt{2 \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(b \cdot b, {\sin t_0}^{2}, \left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot {t_1}^{2}\right)}\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 2
Error	46.2
Cost	14160

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left|b \cdot y-scale\right|\\ \mathbf{if}\;b \leq -5.8 \cdot 10^{-125}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \leq -6.4 \cdot 10^{-291}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.25 \cdot \left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot a\right)\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \leq 1.66 \cdot 10^{-190}:\\ \;\;\;\;-0.25 \cdot \left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right) \cdot a\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \leq 5.2 \cdot 10^{+17}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(0.25 \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot a\right)\right)\right)\right) \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{y-scale}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 3
Error	45.8
Cost	13904

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \left|b \cdot y-scale\right|\\ t_1 := 0.25 \cdot \left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(x-scale \cdot \left(\sqrt{8} \cdot a\right)\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;b \leq -5.5 \cdot 10^{-127}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \leq -1.15 \cdot 10^{-290}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \leq 5.8 \cdot 10^{-190}:\\ \;\;\;\;-0.25 \cdot \left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right) \cdot a\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;b \leq 5.2 \cdot 10^{+17}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 4
Error	45.3
Cost	13641

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;b \leq -9.5 \cdot 10^{-67} \lor \neg \left(b \leq 1.36 \cdot 10^{-254}\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\left|b \cdot y-scale\right|\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-0.25 \cdot \left(\sqrt{2} \cdot \left(\left(x-scale \cdot \sqrt{8}\right) \cdot a\right)\right)\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 5
Error	46.0
Cost	6592

\[\left|b \cdot y-scale\right| \]

Alternative 6
Error	54.1
Cost	448

\[0.25 \cdot \left(b \cdot \left(y-scale \cdot 4\right)\right) \]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2023039 
(FPCore (a b angle x-scale y-scale)
  :name "a from scale-rotated-ellipse"
  :precision binary64
  (/ (- (sqrt (* (* (* 2.0 (/ (* 4.0 (* (* b a) (* b (- a)))) (pow (* x-scale y-scale) 2.0))) (* (* b a) (* b (- a)))) (+ (+ (/ (/ (+ (pow (* a (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0) (pow (* b (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)) x-scale) x-scale) (/ (/ (+ (pow (* a (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)) y-scale) y-scale)) (sqrt (+ (pow (- (/ (/ (+ (pow (* a (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0) (pow (* b (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)) x-scale) x-scale) (/ (/ (+ (pow (* a (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0) (pow (* b (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) 2.0)) y-scale) y-scale)) 2.0) (pow (/ (/ (* (* (* 2.0 (- (pow b 2.0) (pow a 2.0))) (sin (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) (cos (* (/ angle 180.0) PI))) x-scale) y-scale) 2.0))))))) (/ (* 4.0 (* (* b a) (* b (- a)))) (pow (* x-scale y-scale) 2.0))))