expq2 (section 3.11)

Average Error: 41.4 → 0.4

Time: 3.5s

Precision: binary64

Cost: 12992

Math

\[\frac{e^{x}}{e^{x} - 1} \]

↓

\[\frac{e^{x}}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(x\right)} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (exp x) (- (exp x) 1.0)))

↓

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ (exp x) (expm1 x)))

C

double code(double x) {
	return exp(x) / (exp(x) - 1.0);
}

↓

double code(double x) {
	return exp(x) / expm1(x);
}

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.exp(x) / (Math.exp(x) - 1.0);
}

↓

public static double code(double x) {
	return Math.exp(x) / Math.expm1(x);
}

Python

def code(x):
	return math.exp(x) / (math.exp(x) - 1.0)

↓

def code(x):
	return math.exp(x) / math.expm1(x)

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(exp(x) / Float64(exp(x) - 1.0))
end

↓

function code(x)
	return Float64(exp(x) / expm1(x))
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] - 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

↓

code[x_] := N[(N[Exp[x], $MachinePrecision] / N[(Exp[x] - 1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Target

Original	41.4
Target	41.0
Herbie	0.4

\[\frac{1}{1 - e^{-x}} \]

Derivation

1. Initial program 41.4

   \[\frac{e^{x}}{e^{x} - 1} \]

2. Simplified 0.4

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{e^{x}}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(x\right)}} \]
   Proof
   (/.f64 (exp.f64 x) (expm1.f64 x)): 0 points increase in error, 0 points decrease in error
   (/.f64 (exp.f64 x) (Rewrite<= expm1-def_binary64 (-.f64 (exp.f64 x) 1))): 165 points increase in error, 0 points decrease in error

3. Final simplification 0.4

   \[\leadsto \frac{e^{x}}{\mathsf{expm1}\left(x\right)} \]

Alternatives

Alternative 1
Error	0.9
Cost	13252

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;e^{x} \leq 0.002:\\ \;\;\;\;x \cdot \left(e^{x} \cdot 0.08333333333333333\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(x \cdot 0.08333333333333333 + \frac{1}{x}\right) + 0.5\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 2
Error	0.9
Cost	13124

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;e^{x} \leq 0.002:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{x} \cdot -0.5\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(x \cdot 0.08333333333333333 + \frac{1}{x}\right) + 0.5\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 3
Error	1.0
Cost	7104

\[e^{x} \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot 0.08333333333333333 + \frac{1}{x}\right) + -0.5\right) \]

Alternative 4
Error	1.2
Cost	6848

\[e^{x} \cdot \left(\frac{1}{x} + -0.5\right) \]

Alternative 5
Error	1.6
Cost	6720

\[e^{x} \cdot \frac{1}{x} \]

Alternative 6
Error	21.3
Cost	192

\[\frac{1}{x} \]

Alternative 7
Error	62.0
Cost	64

\[-0.5 \]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2022338 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "expq2 (section 3.11)"
  :precision binary64

  :herbie-target
  (/ 1.0 (- 1.0 (exp (- x))))

  (/ (exp x) (- (exp x) 1.0)))