2isqrt (example 3.6)

Average Error: 20.0 → 0.1

Time: 12.0s

Precision: binary64

Cost: 27012

Math

\[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \]

↓

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \frac{-1}{\sqrt{1 + x}} \leq 0:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 \cdot {x}^{-1.5}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{x + \sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (- (/ 1.0 (sqrt x)) (/ 1.0 (sqrt (+ x 1.0)))))

↓

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (+ (/ 1.0 (sqrt x)) (/ -1.0 (sqrt (+ 1.0 x)))) 0.0)
   (* 0.5 (pow x -1.5))
   (/ (pow (+ 1.0 x) -0.5) (+ x (sqrt (* x (+ 1.0 x)))))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return (1.0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / sqrt((x + 1.0)));
}

↓

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (((1.0 / sqrt(x)) + (-1.0 / sqrt((1.0 + x)))) <= 0.0) {
		tmp = 0.5 * pow(x, -1.5);
	} else {
		tmp = pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) / (x + sqrt((x * (1.0 + x))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Fortran

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = (1.0d0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0d0 / sqrt((x + 1.0d0)))
end function

↓

real(8) function code(x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    real(8) :: tmp
    if (((1.0d0 / sqrt(x)) + ((-1.0d0) / sqrt((1.0d0 + x)))) <= 0.0d0) then
        tmp = 0.5d0 * (x ** (-1.5d0))
    else
        tmp = ((1.0d0 + x) ** (-0.5d0)) / (x + sqrt((x * (1.0d0 + x))))
    end if
    code = tmp
end function

Java

public static double code(double x) {
	return (1.0 / Math.sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / Math.sqrt((x + 1.0)));
}

↓

public static double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (((1.0 / Math.sqrt(x)) + (-1.0 / Math.sqrt((1.0 + x)))) <= 0.0) {
		tmp = 0.5 * Math.pow(x, -1.5);
	} else {
		tmp = Math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) / (x + Math.sqrt((x * (1.0 + x))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Python

def code(x):
	return (1.0 / math.sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / math.sqrt((x + 1.0)))

↓

def code(x):
	tmp = 0
	if ((1.0 / math.sqrt(x)) + (-1.0 / math.sqrt((1.0 + x)))) <= 0.0:
		tmp = 0.5 * math.pow(x, -1.5)
	else:
		tmp = math.pow((1.0 + x), -0.5) / (x + math.sqrt((x * (1.0 + x))))
	return tmp

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(Float64(1.0 / sqrt(x)) - Float64(1.0 / sqrt(Float64(x + 1.0))))
end

↓

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (Float64(Float64(1.0 / sqrt(x)) + Float64(-1.0 / sqrt(Float64(1.0 + x)))) <= 0.0)
		tmp = Float64(0.5 * (x ^ -1.5));
	else
		tmp = Float64((Float64(1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) / Float64(x + sqrt(Float64(x * Float64(1.0 + x)))));
	end
	return tmp
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x)
	tmp = (1.0 / sqrt(x)) - (1.0 / sqrt((x + 1.0)));
end

↓

function tmp_2 = code(x)
	tmp = 0.0;
	if (((1.0 / sqrt(x)) + (-1.0 / sqrt((1.0 + x)))) <= 0.0)
		tmp = 0.5 * (x ^ -1.5);
	else
		tmp = ((1.0 + x) ^ -0.5) / (x + sqrt((x * (1.0 + x))));
	end
	tmp_2 = tmp;
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

↓

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[N[(N[(1.0 / N[Sqrt[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(-1.0 / N[Sqrt[N[(1.0 + x), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 0.0], N[(0.5 * N[Power[x, -1.5], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[Power[N[(1.0 + x), $MachinePrecision], -0.5], $MachinePrecision] / N[(x + N[Sqrt[N[(x * N[(1.0 + x), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]

Target

Original	20.0
Target	0.6
Herbie	0.1

\[\frac{1}{\left(x + 1\right) \cdot \sqrt{x} + x \cdot \sqrt{x + 1}} \]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (-.f64 (/.f64 1 (sqrt.f64 x)) (/.f64 1 (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 x 1)))) < 0.0

   1. Initial program 40.0

      \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   2. Applied egg-rr 40.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{1 + x}}{{x}^{-0.5} + {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}} \]

   3. Taylor expanded in x around inf 21.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{{x}^{3}}}} \]

   4. Applied egg-rr 0.0

      \[\leadsto 0.5 \cdot \color{blue}{{x}^{-1.5}} \]

   if 0.0 < (-.f64 (/.f64 1 (sqrt.f64 x)) (/.f64 1 (sqrt.f64 (+.f64 x 1))))

   1. Initial program 1.5

      \[\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \frac{1}{\sqrt{x + 1}} \]

   2. Applied egg-rr 1.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{1 + x}}} \]

   3. Applied egg-rr 0.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1 + \left(x - x\right)}{\sqrt{1 + x} + \sqrt{x}}}}{\sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{1 + x}} \]

   4. Applied egg-rr 0.3

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0 + \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right), \sqrt{x}, x\right)}} \]

   5. Applied egg-rr 0.3

      \[\leadsto 0 + \frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\color{blue}{\sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)} + x}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 0.1

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \frac{-1}{\sqrt{1 + x}} \leq 0:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 \cdot {x}^{-1.5}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{x + \sqrt{x \cdot \left(1 + x\right)}}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternatives

Alternative 1
Error	0.2
Cost	32576

\[\frac{{\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\mathsf{hypot}\left(1, \sqrt{x}\right), \sqrt{x}, x\right)} \]

Alternative 2
Error	0.4
Cost	26692

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} + \frac{-1}{\sqrt{1 + x}} \leq 10^{-16}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 \cdot {x}^{-1.5}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;{x}^{-0.5} - {\left(1 + x\right)}^{-0.5}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 3
Error	0.4
Cost	26688

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \sqrt{1 + x}\\ \frac{\frac{\frac{1 + \left(x - x\right)}{\sqrt{x} + t_0}}{\sqrt{x}}}{t_0} \end{array} \]

Alternative 4
Error	0.9
Cost	7620

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 0.30714854063448394:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}} - \left(1 + x \cdot \left(-0.5 + x \cdot \left(x \cdot -0.3125 + 0.375\right)\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 \cdot {x}^{-1.5}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 5
Error	1.1
Cost	6788

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq 0.30714854063448394:\\ \;\;\;\;{x}^{-0.5} + -1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;0.5 \cdot {x}^{-1.5}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 6
Error	31.0
Cost	6656

\[0.5 \cdot {x}^{-1.5} \]

Alternative 7
Error	62.6
Cost	6592

\[-{x}^{-0.5} \]

Alternative 8
Error	62.8
Cost	64

\[-1 \]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2022309 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "2isqrt (example 3.6)"
  :precision binary64

  :herbie-target
  (/ 1.0 (+ (* (+ x 1.0) (sqrt x)) (* x (sqrt (+ x 1.0)))))

  (- (/ 1.0 (sqrt x)) (/ 1.0 (sqrt (+ x 1.0)))))