Kahan p9 Example

Average Error: 20.3 → 0.0

Time: 9.6s

Precision: binary64

Cost: 13632

\[\left(0 < x \land x < 1\right) \land y < 1\]

Math

\[\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \]

↓

\[\frac{x - y}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)} \cdot \frac{x + y}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x y) :precision binary64 (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))

↓

(FPCore (x y)
 :precision binary64
 (* (/ (- x y) (hypot x y)) (/ (+ x y) (hypot x y))))

C

double code(double x, double y) {
	return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}

↓

double code(double x, double y) {
	return ((x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * ((x + y) / hypot(x, y));
}

Java

public static double code(double x, double y) {
	return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
}

↓

public static double code(double x, double y) {
	return ((x - y) / Math.hypot(x, y)) * ((x + y) / Math.hypot(x, y));
}

Python

def code(x, y):
	return ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y))

↓

def code(x, y):
	return ((x - y) / math.hypot(x, y)) * ((x + y) / math.hypot(x, y))

Julia

function code(x, y)
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) * Float64(x + y)) / Float64(Float64(x * x) + Float64(y * y)))
end

↓

function code(x, y)
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * Float64(Float64(x + y) / hypot(x, y)))
end

MATLAB

function tmp = code(x, y)
	tmp = ((x - y) * (x + y)) / ((x * x) + (y * y));
end

↓

function tmp = code(x, y)
	tmp = ((x - y) / hypot(x, y)) * ((x + y) / hypot(x, y));
end

Wolfram

code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] * N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + N[(y * y), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

↓

code[x_, y_] := N[(N[(N[(x - y), $MachinePrecision] / N[Sqrt[x ^ 2 + y ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(x + y), $MachinePrecision] / N[Sqrt[x ^ 2 + y ^ 2], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

Target

Original	20.3
Target	0.1
Herbie	0.0

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;0.5 < \left|\frac{x}{y}\right| \land \left|\frac{x}{y}\right| < 2:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;1 - \frac{2}{1 + \frac{x}{y} \cdot \frac{x}{y}}\\ \end{array} \]

Derivation

1. Initial program 20.3

   \[\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y} \]

2. Applied egg-rr 0.0

   \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x - y}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)} \cdot \frac{x + y}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)}} \]

3. Final simplification 0.0

   \[\leadsto \frac{x - y}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)} \cdot \frac{x + y}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)} \]

Alternatives

Alternative 1
Error	0.0
Cost	13632

\[\frac{\frac{x + y}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)}}{\frac{\mathsf{hypot}\left(x, y\right)}{x - y}} \]

Alternative 2
Error	6.5
Cost	7768

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := x \cdot x + y \cdot y\\ t_1 := -1 + \frac{x}{y} \cdot \frac{x}{y}\\ t_2 := \mathsf{fma}\left(-2, \frac{y}{x} \cdot \frac{y}{x}, 1\right)\\ \mathbf{if}\;y \leq -4.057051146412215 \cdot 10^{+161}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -2.9812756253852493 \cdot 10^{-159}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(x + y\right) - y \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{t_0}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -1.7475263440271696 \cdot 10^{-192}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -5.842842104604598 \cdot 10^{-226}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_2\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -5.888060874441805 \cdot 10^{-238}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 3.389789285076956 \cdot 10^{-188}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_2\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 8.187604510386175 \cdot 10^{-165}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{t_0}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 3
Error	6.5
Cost	1884

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := -1 + \frac{x}{y} \cdot \frac{x}{y}\\ t_1 := \left(x + y\right) \cdot \frac{x - y}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\ \mathbf{if}\;y \leq -710969687.8950087:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -2.9812756253852493 \cdot 10^{-159}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -1.7475263440271696 \cdot 10^{-192}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -5.842842104604598 \cdot 10^{-226}:\\ \;\;\;\;1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -5.888060874441805 \cdot 10^{-238}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 3.389789285076956 \cdot 10^{-188}:\\ \;\;\;\;1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 2.804561251087956 \cdot 10^{-162}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_1\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 4
Error	6.8
Cost	1884

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := -1 + \frac{x}{y} \cdot \frac{x}{y}\\ t_1 := \frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{x \cdot x + y \cdot y}\\ \mathbf{if}\;y \leq -4.057051146412215 \cdot 10^{+161}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -2.9812756253852493 \cdot 10^{-159}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -1.7475263440271696 \cdot 10^{-192}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -5.842842104604598 \cdot 10^{-226}:\\ \;\;\;\;1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -5.888060874441805 \cdot 10^{-238}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 3.389789285076956 \cdot 10^{-188}:\\ \;\;\;\;1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 8.187604510386175 \cdot 10^{-165}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_1\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 5
Error	6.8
Cost	1884

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := x \cdot x + y \cdot y\\ t_1 := -1 + \frac{x}{y} \cdot \frac{x}{y}\\ \mathbf{if}\;y \leq -4.057051146412215 \cdot 10^{+161}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -2.9812756253852493 \cdot 10^{-159}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \left(x + y\right) - y \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{t_0}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -1.7475263440271696 \cdot 10^{-192}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -5.842842104604598 \cdot 10^{-226}:\\ \;\;\;\;1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq -5.888060874441805 \cdot 10^{-238}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 3.389789285076956 \cdot 10^{-188}:\\ \;\;\;\;1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 8.187604510386175 \cdot 10^{-165}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(x - y\right) \cdot \left(x + y\right)}{t_0}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 6
Error	11.3
Cost	1232

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := -1 + \frac{x}{y} \cdot \frac{x}{y}\\ \mathbf{if}\;y \leq -4.060741793632541 \cdot 10^{-110}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 3.389789285076956 \cdot 10^{-188}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x + y}{x}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 2.804561251087956 \cdot 10^{-162}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 2.990936524209168 \cdot 10^{-137}:\\ \;\;\;\;1 - \frac{y \cdot y}{x \cdot x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot x - y \cdot y}{y \cdot y}\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 7
Error	11.5
Cost	1104

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;y \leq -4.060741793632541 \cdot 10^{-110}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 3.389789285076956 \cdot 10^{-188}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x + y}{x}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 2.804561251087956 \cdot 10^{-162}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 2.990936524209168 \cdot 10^{-137}:\\ \;\;\;\;1 - \frac{y \cdot y}{x \cdot x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 8
Error	11.3
Cost	1104

\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := -1 + \frac{x}{y} \cdot \frac{x}{y}\\ \mathbf{if}\;y \leq -4.060741793632541 \cdot 10^{-110}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 3.389789285076956 \cdot 10^{-188}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x + y}{x}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 2.804561251087956 \cdot 10^{-162}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 2.990936524209168 \cdot 10^{-137}:\\ \;\;\;\;1 - \frac{y \cdot y}{x \cdot x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 9
Error	11.6
Cost	592

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;y \leq -4.060741793632541 \cdot 10^{-110}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 3.389789285076956 \cdot 10^{-188}:\\ \;\;\;\;1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 2.804561251087956 \cdot 10^{-162}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 2.990936524209168 \cdot 10^{-137}:\\ \;\;\;\;1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 10
Error	11.5
Cost	592

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;y \leq -4.060741793632541 \cdot 10^{-110}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 3.389789285076956 \cdot 10^{-188}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x + y}{x}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 2.804561251087956 \cdot 10^{-162}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \mathbf{elif}\;y \leq 2.990936524209168 \cdot 10^{-137}:\\ \;\;\;\;1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-1\\ \end{array} \]

Alternative 11
Error	20.8
Cost	64

\[-1 \]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2022228 
(FPCore (x y)
  :name "Kahan p9 Example"
  :precision binary64
  :pre (and (and (< 0.0 x) (< x 1.0)) (< y 1.0))

  :herbie-target
  (if (and (< 0.5 (fabs (/ x y))) (< (fabs (/ x y)) 2.0)) (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))) (- 1.0 (/ 2.0 (+ 1.0 (* (/ x y) (/ x y))))))

  (/ (* (- x y) (+ x y)) (+ (* x x) (* y y))))