Average Error: 62.0 → 51.4
Time: 7.0s
Precision: binary64
\[lo < -1 \cdot 10^{+308} \land hi > 10^{+308}\]
\[\frac{x - lo}{hi - lo} \]
↓
\[\frac{x}{hi} \cdot \frac{lo}{hi} + \left(\frac{x - lo}{hi} - \sqrt{{\left({\left(\frac{lo}{hi}\right)}^{3} + \frac{lo}{hi \cdot \frac{hi}{lo}}\right)}^{2}}\right) \]
(FPCore (lo hi x) :precision binary64 (/ (- x lo) (- hi lo)))
↓
(FPCore (lo hi x)
 :precision binary64
 (+
  (* (/ x hi) (/ lo hi))
  (-
   (/ (- x lo) hi)
   (sqrt (pow (+ (pow (/ lo hi) 3.0) (/ lo (* hi (/ hi lo)))) 2.0)))))
double code(double lo, double hi, double x) {
	return (x - lo) / (hi - lo);
}
↓
double code(double lo, double hi, double x) {
	return ((x / hi) * (lo / hi)) + (((x - lo) / hi) - sqrt(pow((pow((lo / hi), 3.0) + (lo / (hi * (hi / lo)))), 2.0)));
}

real(8) function code(lo, hi, x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: lo
    real(8), intent (in) :: hi
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = (x - lo) / (hi - lo)
end function
↓
real(8) function code(lo, hi, x)
    real(8), intent (in) :: lo
    real(8), intent (in) :: hi
    real(8), intent (in) :: x
    code = ((x / hi) * (lo / hi)) + (((x - lo) / hi) - sqrt(((((lo / hi) ** 3.0d0) + (lo / (hi * (hi / lo)))) ** 2.0d0)))
end function

public static double code(double lo, double hi, double x) {
	return (x - lo) / (hi - lo);
}
↓
public static double code(double lo, double hi, double x) {
	return ((x / hi) * (lo / hi)) + (((x - lo) / hi) - Math.sqrt(Math.pow((Math.pow((lo / hi), 3.0) + (lo / (hi * (hi / lo)))), 2.0)));
}

def code(lo, hi, x):
	return (x - lo) / (hi - lo)
↓
def code(lo, hi, x):
	return ((x / hi) * (lo / hi)) + (((x - lo) / hi) - math.sqrt(math.pow((math.pow((lo / hi), 3.0) + (lo / (hi * (hi / lo)))), 2.0)))

function code(lo, hi, x)
	return Float64(Float64(x - lo) / Float64(hi - lo))
end
↓
function code(lo, hi, x)
	return Float64(Float64(Float64(x / hi) * Float64(lo / hi)) + Float64(Float64(Float64(x - lo) / hi) - sqrt((Float64((Float64(lo / hi) ^ 3.0) + Float64(lo / Float64(hi * Float64(hi / lo)))) ^ 2.0))))
end

function tmp = code(lo, hi, x)
	tmp = (x - lo) / (hi - lo);
end
↓
function tmp = code(lo, hi, x)
	tmp = ((x / hi) * (lo / hi)) + (((x - lo) / hi) - sqrt(((((lo / hi) ^ 3.0) + (lo / (hi * (hi / lo)))) ^ 2.0)));
end

code[lo_, hi_, x_] := N[(N[(x - lo), $MachinePrecision] / N[(hi - lo), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
↓
code[lo_, hi_, x_] := N[(N[(N[(x / hi), $MachinePrecision] * N[(lo / hi), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(N[(x - lo), $MachinePrecision] / hi), $MachinePrecision] - N[Sqrt[N[Power[N[(N[Power[N[(lo / hi), $MachinePrecision], 3.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(lo / N[(hi * N[(hi / lo), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], 2.0], $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

\frac{x - lo}{hi - lo}
↓
\frac{x}{hi} \cdot \frac{lo}{hi} + \left(\frac{x - lo}{hi} - \sqrt{{\left({\left(\frac{lo}{hi}\right)}^{3} + \frac{lo}{hi \cdot \frac{hi}{lo}}\right)}^{2}}\right)

Error

Bits error versus lo

Bits error versus hi

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Derivation

  1. Initial program 62.0

    \[\frac{x - lo}{hi - lo} \]

  2. Taylor expanded in hi around inf 64.0

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{x}{hi} + \left(\frac{{lo}^{2} \cdot x}{{hi}^{3}} + \frac{lo \cdot x}{{hi}^{2}}\right)\right) - \left(\frac{{lo}^{3}}{{hi}^{3}} + \left(\frac{lo}{hi} + \frac{{lo}^{2}}{{hi}^{2}}\right)\right)} \]

  3. Simplified51.9

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x}{hi} \cdot \left(\left(\frac{lo}{hi} + 1\right) \cdot \frac{lo}{hi}\right) + \left(\frac{x - lo}{hi} - \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{lo}{hi}, \frac{lo}{hi}, {\left(\frac{lo}{hi}\right)}^{3}\right)\right)} \]

  4. Applied egg-rr51.5

    \[\leadsto \frac{x}{hi} \cdot \left(\left(\frac{lo}{hi} + 1\right) \cdot \frac{lo}{hi}\right) + \left(\frac{x - lo}{hi} - \color{blue}{\sqrt{{\left({\left(\frac{lo}{hi}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{lo}{hi}\right)}^{2}\right)}^{2}}}\right) \]

  5. Taylor expanded in lo around 0 51.5

    \[\leadsto \frac{x}{hi} \cdot \left(\color{blue}{1} \cdot \frac{lo}{hi}\right) + \left(\frac{x - lo}{hi} - \sqrt{{\left({\left(\frac{lo}{hi}\right)}^{3} + {\left(\frac{lo}{hi}\right)}^{2}\right)}^{2}}\right) \]

  6. Applied egg-rr51.4

    \[\leadsto \frac{x}{hi} \cdot \left(1 \cdot \frac{lo}{hi}\right) + \left(\frac{x - lo}{hi} - \sqrt{{\left({\left(\frac{lo}{hi}\right)}^{3} + \color{blue}{\frac{lo}{\frac{hi}{lo} \cdot hi}}\right)}^{2}}\right) \]

  7. Final simplification51.4

    \[\leadsto \frac{x}{hi} \cdot \frac{lo}{hi} + \left(\frac{x - lo}{hi} - \sqrt{{\left({\left(\frac{lo}{hi}\right)}^{3} + \frac{lo}{hi \cdot \frac{hi}{lo}}\right)}^{2}}\right) \]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2022155 
(FPCore (lo hi x)
  :name "(/ (- x lo) (- hi lo))"
  :precision binary64
  :pre (and (< lo -1e+308) (> hi 1e+308))
  (/ (- x lo) (- hi lo)))