Average Error: 40.0 → 0.5
Time: 11.4s
Precision: binary64
\[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x \]
\[\begin{array}{l} t_0 := \cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\\ t_1 := \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\\ \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq -0.002995313784217456:\\ \;\;\;\;t_0 - \left(\cos x + t_1\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \leq 0.002525349589805082:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, {\varepsilon}^{4}, \left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot -0.5\right) + \sin x \cdot \left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3} - \varepsilon\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(t_0 - t_1\right) - \cos x\\ \end{array} \]
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x)))
(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (let* ((t_0 (* (cos x) (cos eps))) (t_1 (* (sin x) (sin eps))))
   (if (<= eps -0.002995313784217456)
     (- t_0 (+ (cos x) t_1))
     (if (<= eps 0.002525349589805082)
       (+
        (*
         (cos x)
         (fma 0.041666666666666664 (pow eps 4.0) (* (* eps eps) -0.5)))
        (* (sin x) (- (* 0.16666666666666666 (pow eps 3.0)) eps)))
       (- (- t_0 t_1) (cos x))))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
	return cos((x + eps)) - cos(x);
}
double code(double x, double eps) {
	double t_0 = cos(x) * cos(eps);
	double t_1 = sin(x) * sin(eps);
	double tmp;
	if (eps <= -0.002995313784217456) {
		tmp = t_0 - (cos(x) + t_1);
	} else if (eps <= 0.002525349589805082) {
		tmp = (cos(x) * fma(0.041666666666666664, pow(eps, 4.0), ((eps * eps) * -0.5))) + (sin(x) * ((0.16666666666666666 * pow(eps, 3.0)) - eps));
	} else {
		tmp = (t_0 - t_1) - cos(x);
	}
	return tmp;
}
function code(x, eps)
	return Float64(cos(Float64(x + eps)) - cos(x))
end
function code(x, eps)
	t_0 = Float64(cos(x) * cos(eps))
	t_1 = Float64(sin(x) * sin(eps))
	tmp = 0.0
	if (eps <= -0.002995313784217456)
		tmp = Float64(t_0 - Float64(cos(x) + t_1));
	elseif (eps <= 0.002525349589805082)
		tmp = Float64(Float64(cos(x) * fma(0.041666666666666664, (eps ^ 4.0), Float64(Float64(eps * eps) * -0.5))) + Float64(sin(x) * Float64(Float64(0.16666666666666666 * (eps ^ 3.0)) - eps)));
	else
		tmp = Float64(Float64(t_0 - t_1) - cos(x));
	end
	return tmp
end
code[x_, eps_] := N[(N[Cos[N[(x + eps), $MachinePrecision]], $MachinePrecision] - N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]
code[x_, eps_] := Block[{t$95$0 = N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[Cos[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, Block[{t$95$1 = N[(N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[Sin[eps], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]}, If[LessEqual[eps, -0.002995313784217456], N[(t$95$0 - N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] + t$95$1), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[eps, 0.002525349589805082], N[(N[(N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[(0.041666666666666664 * N[Power[eps, 4.0], $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[(eps * eps), $MachinePrecision] * -0.5), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] + N[(N[Sin[x], $MachinePrecision] * N[(N[(0.16666666666666666 * N[Power[eps, 3.0], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision] - eps), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(N[(t$95$0 - t$95$1), $MachinePrecision] - N[Cos[x], $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]]]]]
\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x
\begin{array}{l}
t_0 := \cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon\\
t_1 := \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\\
\mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq -0.002995313784217456:\\
\;\;\;\;t_0 - \left(\cos x + t_1\right)\\

\mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \leq 0.002525349589805082:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, {\varepsilon}^{4}, \left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot -0.5\right) + \sin x \cdot \left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3} - \varepsilon\right)\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(t_0 - t_1\right) - \cos x\\


\end{array}

Error

Bits error versus x

Bits error versus eps

Derivation

  1. Split input into 3 regimes
  2. if eps < -0.002995313784217456

    1. Initial program 30.7

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x \]
    2. Applied cos-sum_binary640.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x \]
    3. Applied associate--l-_binary640.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon + \cos x\right)} \]

    if -0.002995313784217456 < eps < 0.002525349589805082

    1. Initial program 49.7

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x \]
    2. Taylor expanded in eps around 0 0.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{3} \cdot \sin x\right) + 0.041666666666666664 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{4} \cdot \cos x\right)\right) - \left(0.5 \cdot \left({\varepsilon}^{2} \cdot \cos x\right) + \varepsilon \cdot \sin x\right)} \]
    3. Simplified0.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, {\varepsilon}^{4}, \left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot -0.5\right) + \sin x \cdot \left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3} - \varepsilon\right)} \]

    if 0.002525349589805082 < eps

    1. Initial program 30.6

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x \]
    2. Applied cos-sum_binary640.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x \]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.5

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq -0.002995313784217456:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\cos x + \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \leq 0.002525349589805082:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(0.041666666666666664, {\varepsilon}^{4}, \left(\varepsilon \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot -0.5\right) + \sin x \cdot \left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot {\varepsilon}^{3} - \varepsilon\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\\ \end{array} \]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2022131 
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "2cos (problem 3.3.5)"
  :precision binary64
  (- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x)))