x / (x^2 + 1)

Average Error: 15.7 → 0.0

Time: 1.0s

Precision: binary64

Math

\[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1} \]

↓

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -223992641.1408055:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 95501000.9011325:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x}\\ \end{array} \]

FPCore

(FPCore (x) :precision binary64 (/ x (+ (* x x) 1.0)))

↓

(FPCore (x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= x -223992641.1408055)
   (/ 1.0 x)
   (if (<= x 95501000.9011325) (/ x (fma x x 1.0)) (/ 1.0 x))))

C

double code(double x) {
	return x / ((x * x) + 1.0);
}

↓

double code(double x) {
	double tmp;
	if (x <= -223992641.1408055) {
		tmp = 1.0 / x;
	} else if (x <= 95501000.9011325) {
		tmp = x / fma(x, x, 1.0);
	} else {
		tmp = 1.0 / x;
	}
	return tmp;
}

Julia

function code(x)
	return Float64(x / Float64(Float64(x * x) + 1.0))
end

↓

function code(x)
	tmp = 0.0
	if (x <= -223992641.1408055)
		tmp = Float64(1.0 / x);
	elseif (x <= 95501000.9011325)
		tmp = Float64(x / fma(x, x, 1.0));
	else
		tmp = Float64(1.0 / x);
	end
	return tmp
end

Wolfram

code[x_] := N[(x / N[(N[(x * x), $MachinePrecision] + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision]

↓

code[x_] := If[LessEqual[x, -223992641.1408055], N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision], If[LessEqual[x, 95501000.9011325], N[(x / N[(x * x + 1.0), $MachinePrecision]), $MachinePrecision], N[(1.0 / x), $MachinePrecision]]]

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original	15.7
Target	0.1
Herbie	0.0

\[\frac{1}{x + \frac{1}{x}} \]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if x < -223992641.140805513 or 95501000.901132494 < x

   1. Initial program 32.2

      \[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1} \]

   2. Simplified 32.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)}} \]

   3. Taylor expanded in x around inf 0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{x}} \]

   if -223992641.140805513 < x < 95501000.901132494

   1. Initial program 0.0

      \[\frac{x}{x \cdot x + 1} \]

   2. Simplified 0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{x}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)}} \]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 0.0

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \leq -223992641.1408055:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \leq 95501000.9011325:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x}{\mathsf{fma}\left(x, x, 1\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{1}{x}\\ \end{array} \]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2022131 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "x / (x^2 + 1)"
  :precision binary64

  :herbie-target
  (/ 1.0 (+ x (/ 1.0 x)))

  (/ x (+ (* x x) 1.0)))