Average Error: 37.1 → 0.4
Time: 11.1s
Precision: binary64
\[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]
↓
\[\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x, \sin \varepsilon, \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)\right) \]
\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x
↓
\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x, \sin \varepsilon, \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)\right)

(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))
↓
(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (fma (cos x) (sin eps) (* (sin x) (+ (cos eps) -1.0))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
	return sin(x + eps) - sin(x);
}
↓
double code(double x, double eps) {
	return fma(cos(x), sin(eps), (sin(x) * (cos(eps) + -1.0)));
}

Error

Bits error versus x

Bits error versus eps

Target

Original37.1
Target15.2
Herbie0.4
\[2 \cdot \left(\cos \left(x + \frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)\right) \]

Derivation

  1. Initial program 37.1

    \[\sin \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \sin x \]

  2. Applied sin-sum_binary6421.8

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \sin x \]

  3. Applied add-cube-cbrt_binary6422.5

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\left(\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \sin x} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \sin x}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \sin x}} \]

  4. Simplified22.5

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)\right)}\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\left(\sin x \cdot \cos \varepsilon + \cos x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \sin x} \]

  5. Simplified1.6

    \[\leadsto \left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)\right)}\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)\right)}} \]

  6. Applied pow3_binary641.6

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{{\left(\sqrt[3]{\mathsf{fma}\left(\sin \varepsilon, \cos x, \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)\right)}\right)}^{3}} \]

  7. Taylor expanded in eps around inf 21.8

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \sin x + \sin \varepsilon \cdot \cos x\right) - \sin x} \]

  8. Simplified0.4

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x, \sin \varepsilon, \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)\right)} \]

  9. Final simplification0.4

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\cos x, \sin \varepsilon, \sin x \cdot \left(\cos \varepsilon + -1\right)\right) \]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2022067 
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "2sin (example 3.3)"
  :precision binary64

  :herbie-target
  (* 2.0 (* (cos (+ x (/ eps 2.0))) (sin (/ eps 2.0))))

  (- (sin (+ x eps)) (sin x)))