expax (section 3.5)

Average Error: 29.0 → 3.1

Time: 2.8s

Precision: binary64

Math

\[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]

↓

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \leq -0.479210517566234:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{{\left(e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{3} - 1}{1 + e^{a \cdot x} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} + 1\right)}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;a \cdot x \leq -1.7204624062132057 \cdot 10^{-26} \lor \neg \left(a \cdot x \leq -5.483842767516583 \cdot 10^{-60}\right):\\ \;\;\;\;x \cdot \left(a + x \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(0.5 + a \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.16666666666666666\right)\right)\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;x \cdot \left(a + \log \left({\left(e^{x}\right)}^{\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(0.5 + a \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.16666666666666666\right)\right)\right)}\right)\right)\\ \end{array}\]

FPCore

(FPCore (a x) :precision binary64 (- (exp (* a x)) 1.0))

↓

(FPCore (a x)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= (* a x) -0.479210517566234)
   (/
    (- (pow (exp (* a x)) 3.0) 1.0)
    (+ 1.0 (* (exp (* a x)) (+ (exp (* a x)) 1.0))))
   (if (or (<= (* a x) -1.7204624062132057e-26)
           (not (<= (* a x) -5.483842767516583e-60)))
     (* x (+ a (* x (* (* a a) (+ 0.5 (* a (* x 0.16666666666666666)))))))
     (*
      x
      (+
       a
       (log
        (pow (exp x) (* (* a a) (+ 0.5 (* a (* x 0.16666666666666666)))))))))))

C

double code(double a, double x) {
	return exp(a * x) - 1.0;
}

↓

double code(double a, double x) {
	double tmp;
	if ((a * x) <= -0.479210517566234) {
		tmp = (pow(exp(a * x), 3.0) - 1.0) / (1.0 + (exp(a * x) * (exp(a * x) + 1.0)));
	} else if (((a * x) <= -1.7204624062132057e-26) || !((a * x) <= -5.483842767516583e-60)) {
		tmp = x * (a + (x * ((a * a) * (0.5 + (a * (x * 0.16666666666666666))))));
	} else {
		tmp = x * (a + log(pow(exp(x), ((a * a) * (0.5 + (a * (x * 0.16666666666666666)))))));
	}
	return tmp;
}

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus x

Target

Original	29.0
Target	0.2
Herbie	3.1

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|a \cdot x\right| < 0.1:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{a \cdot x}{2} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot x\right)}^{2}}{6}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (*.f64 a x) < -0.47921051756623401

   1. Initial program 0.0

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
   2. Using strategy rm

   3. Applied flip3--_binary64 0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{3} - {1}^{3}}{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x} + \left(1 \cdot 1 + e^{a \cdot x} \cdot 1\right)}}\]

   4. Simplified 0.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{3} - 1}}{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x} + \left(1 \cdot 1 + e^{a \cdot x} \cdot 1\right)}\]

   5. Simplified 0.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{3} - 1}{\color{blue}{1 + e^{a \cdot x} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} + 1\right)}}\]

   if -0.47921051756623401 < (*.f64 a x) < -1.72046240621320574e-26 or -5.48384276751658254e-60 < (*.f64 a x)

   1. Initial program 42.6

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]

   2. Taylor expanded around 0 13.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right) + a \cdot x\right)}\]

   3. Simplified 7.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(a + x \cdot \left(0.5 \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right) + x \cdot \left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot {a}^{3}\right)\right)\right)}\]

   4. Taylor expanded around 0 7.0

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(a + x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot {a}^{2} + 0.16666666666666666 \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot x\right)\right)}\right)\]

   5. Simplified 4.2

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(a + x \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(0.5 + \left(x \cdot 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot a\right)\right)}\right)\]

   if -1.72046240621320574e-26 < (*.f64 a x) < -5.48384276751658254e-60

   1. Initial program 61.8

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]

   2. Taylor expanded around 0 34.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right) + a \cdot x\right)}\]

   3. Simplified 16.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(a + x \cdot \left(0.5 \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right) + x \cdot \left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot {a}^{3}\right)\right)\right)}\]
   4. Using strategy rm

   5. Applied add-log-exp_binary64 22.5

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(a + \color{blue}{\log \left(e^{x \cdot \left(0.5 \cdot \left(a \cdot a\right) + x \cdot \left(0.16666666666666666 \cdot {a}^{3}\right)\right)}\right)}\right)\]

   6. Simplified 14.8

      \[\leadsto x \cdot \left(a + \log \color{blue}{\left({\left(e^{x}\right)}^{\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(0.5 + \left(x \cdot 0.16666666666666666\right) \cdot a\right)\right)}\right)}\right)\]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 3.1

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \leq -0.479210517566234:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{{\left(e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{3} - 1}{1 + e^{a \cdot x} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} + 1\right)}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;a \cdot x \leq -1.7204624062132057 \cdot 10^{-26} \lor \neg \left(a \cdot x \leq -5.483842767516583 \cdot 10^{-60}\right):\\ \;\;\;\;x \cdot \left(a + x \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(0.5 + a \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.16666666666666666\right)\right)\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;x \cdot \left(a + \log \left({\left(e^{x}\right)}^{\left(\left(a \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(0.5 + a \cdot \left(x \cdot 0.16666666666666666\right)\right)\right)}\right)\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2020233 
(FPCore (a x)
  :name "expax (section 3.5)"
  :precision binary64
  :herbie-expected 14

  :herbie-target
  (if (< (fabs (* a x)) 0.1) (* (* a x) (+ 1.0 (+ (/ (* a x) 2.0) (/ (pow (* a x) 2.0) 6.0)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1.0))

  (- (exp (* a x)) 1.0))