Average Error: 39.8 → 0.7
Time: 5.0s
Precision: binary64
\[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
↓
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq -0.00029507773736298554:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\cos x + \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \leq 0.00023498571328606823:\\ \;\;\;\;-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{x + \left(\varepsilon + x\right)}{2}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\\ \end{array}\]
\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x
↓
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq -0.00029507773736298554:\\
\;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\cos x + \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\\

\mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \leq 0.00023498571328606823:\\
\;\;\;\;-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{x + \left(\varepsilon + x\right)}{2}\right)\right)\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\\

\end{array}
(FPCore (x eps) :precision binary64 (- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x)))
↓
(FPCore (x eps)
 :precision binary64
 (if (<= eps -0.00029507773736298554)
   (- (* (cos x) (cos eps)) (+ (cos x) (* (sin x) (sin eps))))
   (if (<= eps 0.00023498571328606823)
     (* -2.0 (* (sin (/ eps 2.0)) (sin (/ (+ x (+ eps x)) 2.0))))
     (- (- (* (cos x) (cos eps)) (* (sin x) (sin eps))) (cos x)))))
double code(double x, double eps) {
	return cos(x + eps) - cos(x);
}
↓
double code(double x, double eps) {
	double tmp;
	if (eps <= -0.00029507773736298554) {
		tmp = (cos(x) * cos(eps)) - (cos(x) + (sin(x) * sin(eps)));
	} else if (eps <= 0.00023498571328606823) {
		tmp = -2.0 * (sin(eps / 2.0) * sin((x + (eps + x)) / 2.0));
	} else {
		tmp = ((cos(x) * cos(eps)) - (sin(x) * sin(eps))) - cos(x);
	}
	return tmp;
}

Error

Bits error versus x

Bits error versus eps

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Derivation

  1. Split input into 3 regimes

  2. if eps < -2.95077737362985538e-4

    1. Initial program 30.1

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm

    3. Applied cos-sum_binary640.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x\]

    4. Applied associate--l-_binary640.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon + \cos x\right)}\]

    5. Simplified0.9

      \[\leadsto \cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \color{blue}{\left(\cos x + \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}\]

    if -2.95077737362985538e-4 < eps < 2.3498571328606823e-4

    1. Initial program 49.3

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm

    3. Applied diff-cos_binary6438.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)\right)}\]

    4. Simplified0.5

      \[\leadsto -2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{x + \left(x + \varepsilon\right)}{2}\right)\right)}\]

    if 2.3498571328606823e-4 < eps

    1. Initial program 31.4

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm

    3. Applied cos-sum_binary640.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x\]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

  4. Final simplification0.7

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \leq -0.00029507773736298554:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\cos x + \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \leq 0.00023498571328606823:\\ \;\;\;\;-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{x + \left(\varepsilon + x\right)}{2}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2020224 
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "2cos (problem 3.3.5)"
  :precision binary64
  (- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x)))