VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (23)

Average Error: 13.6 → 1.3

Time: 14.8s

Precision: binary64

Math

\[\left(-x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\right) + \frac{F}{\sin B} \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)}\]

↓

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;F \le -1.35992409561642967 \cdot 10^{154}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{F \cdot e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(\log 1 - 2 \cdot \log \left(\frac{-1}{F}\right)\right)}}{\sin B} - 1 \cdot \frac{e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(\log 1 - 2 \cdot \log \left(\frac{-1}{F}\right)\right)}}{F \cdot \sin B}\right) - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;F \le 1.35673536504913169 \cdot 10^{154}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{F}{\sin B \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}} - \frac{x \cdot 1}{\tan B}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{F}{\sin B \cdot \left(e^{0.5 \cdot \left(\log 1 - 2 \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{F}\right)\right)} + 1 \cdot \frac{e^{0.5 \cdot \left(\log 1 - 2 \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{F}\right)\right)}}{{F}^{2}}\right)} - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus F

Bits error versus B

Bits error versus x

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if F < -1.35992409561642967e154

   1. Initial program 41.9

      \[\left(-x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\right) + \frac{F}{\sin B} \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)}\]

   2. Simplified 41.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{F}{\sin B} \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)} - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}}\]

   3. Taylor expanded around -inf 4.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{F \cdot e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(\log 1 - 2 \cdot \log \left(\frac{-1}{F}\right)\right)}}{\sin B} - 1 \cdot \frac{e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(\log 1 - 2 \cdot \log \left(\frac{-1}{F}\right)\right)}}{F \cdot \sin B}\right)} - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\]

   if -1.35992409561642967e154 < F < 1.35673536504913169e154

   1. Initial program 2.5

      \[\left(-x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\right) + \frac{F}{\sin B} \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)}\]

   2. Simplified 2.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{F}{\sin B} \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)} - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}}\]
   3. Using strategy rm

   4. Applied pow-neg 2.5

      \[\leadsto \frac{F}{\sin B} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{{\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}}} - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\]

   5. Applied frac-times 0.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{F \cdot 1}{\sin B \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}}} - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\]

   6. Simplified 0.4

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{F}}{\sin B \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}} - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\]
   7. Using strategy rm

   8. Applied associate-*r/ 0.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{F}{\sin B \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}} - \color{blue}{\frac{x \cdot 1}{\tan B}}\]

   if 1.35673536504913169e154 < F

   1. Initial program 41.0

      \[\left(-x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\right) + \frac{F}{\sin B} \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)}\]

   2. Simplified 41.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{F}{\sin B} \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)} - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}}\]
   3. Using strategy rm

   4. Applied pow-neg 41.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{F}{\sin B} \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{1}{{\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}}} - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\]

   5. Applied frac-times 35.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{F \cdot 1}{\sin B \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}}} - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\]

   6. Simplified 35.9

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{F}}{\sin B \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}} - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\]

   7. Taylor expanded around inf 3.9

      \[\leadsto \frac{F}{\sin B \cdot \color{blue}{\left(e^{0.5 \cdot \left(\log 1 - 2 \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{F}\right)\right)} + 1 \cdot \frac{e^{0.5 \cdot \left(\log 1 - 2 \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{F}\right)\right)}}{{F}^{2}}\right)}} - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 1.3

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;F \le -1.35992409561642967 \cdot 10^{154}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{F \cdot e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(\log 1 - 2 \cdot \log \left(\frac{-1}{F}\right)\right)}}{\sin B} - 1 \cdot \frac{e^{-0.5 \cdot \left(\log 1 - 2 \cdot \log \left(\frac{-1}{F}\right)\right)}}{F \cdot \sin B}\right) - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;F \le 1.35673536504913169 \cdot 10^{154}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{F}{\sin B \cdot {\left(\left(F \cdot F + 2\right) + 2 \cdot x\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}} - \frac{x \cdot 1}{\tan B}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{F}{\sin B \cdot \left(e^{0.5 \cdot \left(\log 1 - 2 \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{F}\right)\right)} + 1 \cdot \frac{e^{0.5 \cdot \left(\log 1 - 2 \cdot \log \left(\frac{1}{F}\right)\right)}}{{F}^{2}}\right)} - x \cdot \frac{1}{\tan B}\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2020173 
(FPCore (F B x)
  :name "VandenBroeck and Keller, Equation (23)"
  :precision binary64
  (+ (neg (* x (/ 1.0 (tan B)))) (* (/ F (sin B)) (pow (+ (+ (* F F) 2.0) (* 2.0 x)) (neg (/ 1.0 2.0))))))