Average Error: 39.3 → 15.7
Time: 8.1s
Precision: 64
\[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
↓
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \le -1.64975988477793901 \cdot 10^{-6}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(e^{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \le 3.2579410132536815 \cdot 10^{-8}:\\ \;\;\;\;\varepsilon \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{3} - x\right) - \varepsilon \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3} + {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\cos x \cdot \left(\cos x - \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\right) + {\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{2}} + \cos x \cdot \cos x}\\ \end{array}\]
\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x
↓
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \le -1.64975988477793901 \cdot 10^{-6}:\\
\;\;\;\;\log \left(e^{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x}\right)\\

\mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \le 3.2579410132536815 \cdot 10^{-8}:\\
\;\;\;\;\varepsilon \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{3} - x\right) - \varepsilon \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3} + {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\cos x \cdot \left(\cos x - \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\right) + {\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{2}} + \cos x \cdot \cos x}\\

\end{array}
double code(double x, double eps) {
	return ((double) (((double) cos(((double) (x + eps)))) - ((double) cos(x))));
}
↓
double code(double x, double eps) {
	double VAR;
	if ((eps <= -1.649759884777939e-06)) {
		VAR = ((double) log(((double) exp(((double) (((double) (((double) (((double) cos(x)) * ((double) cos(eps)))) - ((double) (((double) sin(x)) * ((double) sin(eps)))))) - ((double) cos(x))))))));
	} else {
		double VAR_1;
		if ((eps <= 3.2579410132536815e-08)) {
			VAR_1 = ((double) (eps * ((double) (((double) (((double) (0.16666666666666666 * ((double) pow(x, 3.0)))) - x)) - ((double) (eps * 0.5))))));
		} else {
			VAR_1 = ((double) (((double) (((double) pow(((double) (((double) (((double) cos(x)) * ((double) cos(eps)))) - ((double) (((double) sin(x)) * ((double) sin(eps)))))), 3.0)) - ((double) pow(((double) cos(x)), 3.0)))) / ((double) (((double) (((double) (((double) (((double) cos(eps)) * ((double) cos(x)))) - ((double) (((double) sin(x)) * ((double) sin(eps)))))) * ((double) (((double) (((double) pow(((double) (((double) (((double) cos(x)) * ((double) cos(eps)))) - ((double) (((double) sin(x)) * ((double) sin(eps)))))), 3.0)) + ((double) pow(((double) cos(x)), 3.0)))) / ((double) (((double) (((double) cos(x)) * ((double) (((double) cos(x)) - ((double) (((double) (((double) cos(x)) * ((double) cos(eps)))) - ((double) (((double) sin(x)) * ((double) sin(eps)))))))))) + ((double) pow(((double) (((double) (((double) cos(x)) * ((double) cos(eps)))) - ((double) (((double) sin(x)) * ((double) sin(eps)))))), 2.0)))))))) + ((double) (((double) cos(x)) * ((double) cos(x))))))));
		}
		VAR = VAR_1;
	}
	return VAR;
}

Error

Bits error versus x

Bits error versus eps

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Derivation

  1. Split input into 3 regimes

  2. if eps < -1.649759884777939e-06

    1. Initial program 29.9

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm

    3. Applied cos-sum1.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x\]
    4. Using strategy rm

    5. Applied add-log-exp1.1

      \[\leadsto \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \color{blue}{\log \left(e^{\cos x}\right)}\]

    6. Applied add-log-exp1.2

      \[\leadsto \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \color{blue}{\log \left(e^{\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon}\right)}\right) - \log \left(e^{\cos x}\right)\]

    7. Applied add-log-exp1.4

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\log \left(e^{\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon}\right)} - \log \left(e^{\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon}\right)\right) - \log \left(e^{\cos x}\right)\]

    8. Applied diff-log1.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{e^{\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon}}{e^{\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon}}\right)} - \log \left(e^{\cos x}\right)\]

    9. Applied diff-log1.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{\frac{e^{\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon}}{e^{\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon}}}{e^{\cos x}}\right)}\]

    10. Simplified1.2

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(e^{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x}\right)}\]

    if -1.649759884777939e-06 < eps < 3.2579410132536815e-08

    1. Initial program 49.5

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]

    2. Taylor expanded around 0 31.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{6} \cdot \left({x}^{3} \cdot \varepsilon\right) - \left(x \cdot \varepsilon + \frac{1}{2} \cdot {\varepsilon}^{2}\right)}\]

    3. Simplified31.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\varepsilon \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{3} - x\right) - \varepsilon \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)}\]

    if 3.2579410132536815e-08 < eps

    1. Initial program 30.2

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm

    3. Applied cos-sum1.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x\]
    4. Using strategy rm

    5. Applied flip3--1.3

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) + \left(\cos x \cdot \cos x + \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) \cdot \cos x\right)}}\]

    6. Simplified1.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\color{blue}{\left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) + \cos x\right) + \cos x \cdot \cos x}}\]
    7. Using strategy rm

    8. Applied flip3-+1.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3} + {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) \cdot \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) + \left(\cos x \cdot \cos x - \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) \cdot \cos x\right)}} + \cos x \cdot \cos x}\]

    9. Simplified1.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3} + {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \left(\cos x - \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\right) + {\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{2}}} + \cos x \cdot \cos x}\]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

  4. Final simplification15.7

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \le -1.64975988477793901 \cdot 10^{-6}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(e^{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \le 3.2579410132536815 \cdot 10^{-8}:\\ \;\;\;\;\varepsilon \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{3} - x\right) - \varepsilon \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\left(\cos \varepsilon \cdot \cos x - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) \cdot \frac{{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{3} + {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\cos x \cdot \left(\cos x - \left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\right) + {\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)}^{2}} + \cos x \cdot \cos x}\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2020131 
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "2cos (problem 3.3.5)"
  :precision binary64
  (- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x)))