Average Error: 39.8 → 0.3
Time: 2.9s
Precision: 64
\[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]
↓
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -1.40168723836172916 \cdot 10^{-4}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{\log \left(e^{\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, 1, e^{x + x}\right)}\right)}{e^{x} + 1}}{x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)}{x}\\ \end{array}\]
\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}
↓
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \le -1.40168723836172916 \cdot 10^{-4}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{\log \left(e^{\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, 1, e^{x + x}\right)}\right)}{e^{x} + 1}}{x}\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)}{x}\\

\end{array}
double code(double x) {
	return ((double) (((double) (((double) exp(x)) - 1.0)) / x));
}
↓
double code(double x) {
	double VAR;
	if ((x <= -0.00014016872383617292)) {
		VAR = ((double) (((double) (((double) log(((double) exp(((double) fma(((double) -(1.0)), 1.0, ((double) exp(((double) (x + x)))))))))) / ((double) (((double) exp(x)) + 1.0)))) / x));
	} else {
		VAR = ((double) (((double) fma(0.5, ((double) pow(x, 2.0)), ((double) fma(0.16666666666666666, ((double) pow(x, 3.0)), x)))) / x));
	}
	return VAR;
}

Error

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original39.8
Target40.1
Herbie0.3
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \lt 1 \land x \gt -1:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{e^{x} - 1}{\log \left(e^{x}\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes

  2. if x < -0.00014016872383617292

    1. Initial program 0.1

      \[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]
    2. Using strategy rm

    3. Applied flip--0.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{e^{x} \cdot e^{x} - 1 \cdot 1}{e^{x} + 1}}}{x}\]

    4. Simplified0.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, 1, e^{x + x}\right)}}{e^{x} + 1}}{x}\]
    5. Using strategy rm

    6. Applied add-log-exp0.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{\color{blue}{\log \left(e^{\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, 1, e^{x + x}\right)}\right)}}{e^{x} + 1}}{x}\]

    if -0.00014016872383617292 < x

    1. Initial program 59.9

      \[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]

    2. Taylor expanded around 0 0.5

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{3} + x\right)}}{x}\]

    3. Simplified0.5

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)}}{x}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

  4. Final simplification0.3

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -1.40168723836172916 \cdot 10^{-4}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{\log \left(e^{\mathsf{fma}\left(-1, 1, e^{x + x}\right)}\right)}{e^{x} + 1}}{x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)}{x}\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2020114 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Kahan's exp quotient"
  :precision binary64

  :herbie-target
  (if (and (< x 1) (> x -1)) (/ (- (exp x) 1) (log (exp x))) (/ (- (exp x) 1) x))

  (/ (- (exp x) 1) x))