ln(1 + x)

Average Error: 39.3 → 0.3

Time: 3.0s

Precision: 64

Math

\[\log \left(1 + x\right)\]

↓

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;1 + x \le 1.0000002540201325:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(1 \cdot x + \log 1\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{x}^{2}}{{1}^{2}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x}\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \log \left(1 + x\right)\\ \end{array}\]

C

double code(double x) {
	return log((1.0 + x));
}

↓

double code(double x) {
	double VAR;
	if (((1.0 + x) <= 1.0000002540201325)) {
		VAR = (((1.0 * x) + log(1.0)) - (0.5 * (pow(x, 2.0) / pow(1.0, 2.0))));
	} else {
		VAR = (log(sqrt((1.0 + x))) + (0.5 * log((1.0 + x))));
	}
	return VAR;
}

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original	39.3
Target	0.3
Herbie	0.3

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;1 + x = 1:\\ \;\;\;\;x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{x \cdot \log \left(1 + x\right)}{\left(1 + x\right) - 1}\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (+ 1.0 x) < 1.0000002540201325

   1. Initial program 59.2

      \[\log \left(1 + x\right)\]

   2. Taylor expanded around 0 0.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(1 \cdot x + \log 1\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{x}^{2}}{{1}^{2}}}\]

   if 1.0000002540201325 < (+ 1.0 x)

   1. Initial program 0.2

      \[\log \left(1 + x\right)\]
   2. Using strategy rm

   3. Applied add-sqr-sqrt 0.3

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{1 + x} \cdot \sqrt{1 + x}\right)}\]

   4. Applied log-prod 0.3

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x}\right) + \log \left(\sqrt{1 + x}\right)}\]
   5. Using strategy rm

   6. Applied pow1/2 0.3

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\sqrt{1 + x}\right) + \log \color{blue}{\left({\left(1 + x\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}\right)}\]

   7. Applied log-pow 0.2

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\sqrt{1 + x}\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \log \left(1 + x\right)}\]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 0.3

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;1 + x \le 1.0000002540201325:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(1 \cdot x + \log 1\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{{x}^{2}}{{1}^{2}}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\sqrt{1 + x}\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \log \left(1 + x\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2020106 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "ln(1 + x)"
  :precision binary64

  :herbie-target
  (if (== (+ 1 x) 1) x (/ (* x (log (+ 1 x))) (- (+ 1 x) 1)))

  (log (+ 1 x)))