Logistic function from Lakshay Garg

Average Error: 29.0 → 0.1

Time: 4.3s

Precision: 64

• unused variable y

Math

\[\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1\]

↓

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;-2 \cdot x \le -0.00295305623757643977:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, 1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1\right)}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;-2 \cdot x \le 2.87307640774032159 \cdot 10^{-8}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(1, x, -\mathsf{fma}\left(2.66454 \cdot 10^{-15}, {x}^{4}, 0.3333333333333339 \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;1 \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1\right)\\ \end{array}\]

C

double code(double x, double y) {
	return ((2.0 / (1.0 + exp((-2.0 * x)))) - 1.0);
}

↓

double code(double x, double y) {
	double VAR;
	if (((-2.0 * x) <= -0.0029530562375764398)) {
		VAR = (((((2.0 / (1.0 + exp((-2.0 * x)))) * (2.0 / (1.0 + exp((-2.0 * x))))) * ((2.0 / (1.0 + exp((-2.0 * x)))) * (2.0 / (1.0 + exp((-2.0 * x)))))) - ((1.0 * 1.0) * (1.0 * 1.0))) / (fma((2.0 / (1.0 + exp((-2.0 * x)))), (2.0 / (1.0 + exp((-2.0 * x)))), (1.0 * 1.0)) * ((2.0 / (1.0 + exp((-2.0 * x)))) + 1.0)));
	} else {
		double VAR_1;
		if (((-2.0 * x) <= 2.8730764077403216e-08)) {
			VAR_1 = fma(1.0, x, -fma(2.6645352591003757e-15, pow(x, 4.0), (0.3333333333333339 * pow(x, 3.0))));
		} else {
			VAR_1 = (1.0 * ((2.0 / (1.0 + exp((-2.0 * x)))) - 1.0));
		}
		VAR = VAR_1;
	}
	return VAR;
}

Error

Bits error versus x

Bits error versus y

Derivation

1. Split input into 3 regimes

2. if (* -2.0 x) < -0.0029530562375764398

   1. Initial program 0.0

      \[\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1\]
   2. Using strategy rm

   3. Applied flip-- 0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1 \cdot 1}{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1}}\]
   4. Using strategy rm

   5. Applied flip-- 0.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1 \cdot 1}}}{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1}\]

   6. Applied associate-/l/ 0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1 \cdot 1\right)}}\]

   7. Simplified 0.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, 1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1\right)}}\]

   if -0.0029530562375764398 < (* -2.0 x) < 2.8730764077403216e-08

   1. Initial program 59.4

      \[\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1\]
   2. Using strategy rm

   3. Applied flip-- 59.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1 \cdot 1}{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1}}\]
   4. Using strategy rm

   5. Applied flip-- 59.4

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1 \cdot 1}}}{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1}\]

   6. Applied associate-/l/ 59.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1 \cdot 1\right)}}\]

   7. Simplified 59.4

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, 1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1\right)}}\]

   8. Taylor expanded around 0 0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1 \cdot x - \left(2.66454 \cdot 10^{-15} \cdot {x}^{4} + 0.3333333333333339 \cdot {x}^{3}\right)}\]

   9. Simplified 0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(1, x, -\mathsf{fma}\left(2.66454 \cdot 10^{-15}, {x}^{4}, 0.3333333333333339 \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)}\]

   if 2.8730764077403216e-08 < (* -2.0 x)

   1. Initial program 0.4

      \[\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1\]
   2. Using strategy rm

   3. Applied flip-- 0.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1 \cdot 1}{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1}}\]
   4. Using strategy rm

   5. Applied flip-- 0.4

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1 \cdot 1}}}{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1}\]

   6. Applied associate-/l/ 0.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1 \cdot 1\right)}}\]

   7. Simplified 0.4

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, 1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1\right)}}\]
   8. Using strategy rm

   9. Applied flip-+ 0.4

      \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, 1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1 \cdot 1}{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1}}}\]

   10. Applied associate-*r/ 0.4

       \[\leadsto \frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\color{blue}{\frac{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, 1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1 \cdot 1\right)}{\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1}}}\]

   11. Applied associate-/r/ 0.4

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, 1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1 \cdot 1\right)} \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1\right)}\]

   12. Simplified 0.4

       \[\leadsto \color{blue}{1} \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1\right)\]
3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 0.1

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;-2 \cdot x \le -0.00295305623757643977:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} \cdot \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}\right) - \left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, \frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}}, 1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} + 1\right)}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;-2 \cdot x \le 2.87307640774032159 \cdot 10^{-8}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(1, x, -\mathsf{fma}\left(2.66454 \cdot 10^{-15}, {x}^{4}, 0.3333333333333339 \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;1 \cdot \left(\frac{2}{1 + e^{-2 \cdot x}} - 1\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2020078 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x y)
  :name "Logistic function from Lakshay Garg"
  :precision binary64
  (- (/ 2 (+ 1 (exp (* -2 x)))) 1))