expax (section 3.5)

Average Error: 28.9 → 9.3

Time: 3.7s

Precision: 64

Math

\[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]

↓

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -3.5622427154634171 \cdot 10^{-10}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{{\left({\left(e^{3}\right)}^{\left(a \cdot x\right)}\right)}^{3} - {\left({1}^{3}\right)}^{3}}{\left({\left(e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{6} + {1}^{6}\right) + {\left(e^{3}\right)}^{\left(a \cdot x\right)} \cdot {1}^{3}}}{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} + 1\right) + 1 \cdot 1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;x \cdot \left(1 \cdot a + \left(0.5 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right) + 0.16666666666666652 \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\\ \end{array}\]

C

double code(double a, double x) {
	return (exp((a * x)) - 1.0);
}

↓

double code(double a, double x) {
	double VAR;
	if (((a * x) <= -3.562242715463417e-10)) {
		VAR = (((pow(pow(exp(3.0), (a * x)), 3.0) - pow(pow(1.0, 3.0), 3.0)) / ((pow(exp((a * x)), 6.0) + pow(1.0, 6.0)) + (pow(exp(3.0), (a * x)) * pow(1.0, 3.0)))) / ((exp((a * x)) * (exp((a * x)) + 1.0)) + (1.0 * 1.0)));
	} else {
		VAR = ((x * ((1.0 * a) + ((0.5 * pow(a, 2.0)) * x))) + (0.16666666666666652 * (pow(a, 3.0) * pow(x, 3.0))));
	}
	return VAR;
}

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus x

Target

Original	28.9
Target	0.2
Herbie	9.3

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|a \cdot x\right| \lt 0.10000000000000001:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{a \cdot x}{2} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot x\right)}^{2}}{6}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (* a x) < -3.562242715463417e-10

   1. Initial program 0.4

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
   2. Using strategy rm

   3. Applied flip3-- 0.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{3} - {1}^{3}}{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x} + \left(1 \cdot 1 + e^{a \cdot x} \cdot 1\right)}}\]

   4. Simplified 0.4

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{3} - {1}^{3}}{\color{blue}{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} + 1\right) + 1 \cdot 1}}\]
   5. Using strategy rm

   6. Applied pow-exp 0.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{e^{\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot 3}} - {1}^{3}}{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} + 1\right) + 1 \cdot 1}\]
   7. Using strategy rm

   8. Applied *-commutative 0.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{e^{\color{blue}{3 \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)}} - {1}^{3}}{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} + 1\right) + 1 \cdot 1}\]

   9. Applied exp-prod 0.3

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{{\left(e^{3}\right)}^{\left(a \cdot x\right)}} - {1}^{3}}{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} + 1\right) + 1 \cdot 1}\]
   10. Using strategy rm

   11. Applied flip3-- 0.3

       \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{{\left({\left(e^{3}\right)}^{\left(a \cdot x\right)}\right)}^{3} - {\left({1}^{3}\right)}^{3}}{{\left(e^{3}\right)}^{\left(a \cdot x\right)} \cdot {\left(e^{3}\right)}^{\left(a \cdot x\right)} + \left({1}^{3} \cdot {1}^{3} + {\left(e^{3}\right)}^{\left(a \cdot x\right)} \cdot {1}^{3}\right)}}}{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} + 1\right) + 1 \cdot 1}\]

   12. Simplified 0.3

       \[\leadsto \frac{\frac{{\left({\left(e^{3}\right)}^{\left(a \cdot x\right)}\right)}^{3} - {\left({1}^{3}\right)}^{3}}{\color{blue}{\left({\left(e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{6} + {1}^{6}\right) + {\left(e^{3}\right)}^{\left(a \cdot x\right)} \cdot {1}^{3}}}}{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} + 1\right) + 1 \cdot 1}\]

   if -3.562242715463417e-10 < (* a x)

   1. Initial program 44.2

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
   2. Using strategy rm

   3. Applied flip3-- 44.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{\left(e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{3} - {1}^{3}}{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x} + \left(1 \cdot 1 + e^{a \cdot x} \cdot 1\right)}}\]

   4. Simplified 44.2

      \[\leadsto \frac{{\left(e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{3} - {1}^{3}}{\color{blue}{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} + 1\right) + 1 \cdot 1}}\]

   5. Taylor expanded around 0 14.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{0.5 \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \left(0.16666666666666652 \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right) + 1 \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right)}\]

   6. Simplified 14.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(1 \cdot a + \left(0.5 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right) + 0.16666666666666652 \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)}\]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 9.3

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -3.5622427154634171 \cdot 10^{-10}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{{\left({\left(e^{3}\right)}^{\left(a \cdot x\right)}\right)}^{3} - {\left({1}^{3}\right)}^{3}}{\left({\left(e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{6} + {1}^{6}\right) + {\left(e^{3}\right)}^{\left(a \cdot x\right)} \cdot {1}^{3}}}{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} + 1\right) + 1 \cdot 1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;x \cdot \left(1 \cdot a + \left(0.5 \cdot {a}^{2}\right) \cdot x\right) + 0.16666666666666652 \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2020078 
(FPCore (a x)
  :name "expax (section 3.5)"
  :precision binary64
  :herbie-expected 14

  :herbie-target
  (if (< (fabs (* a x)) 0.1) (* (* a x) (+ 1 (+ (/ (* a x) 2) (/ (pow (* a x) 2) 6)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

  (- (exp (* a x)) 1))