Average Error: 39.0 → 0.1
Time: 8.5s
Precision: 64
\[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\]
↓
\[\mathsf{hypot}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right), \lambda_1, \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) - \mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right), \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_1\right)\right)\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\]
R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}
↓
\mathsf{hypot}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right), \lambda_1, \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) - \mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right), \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_1\right)\right)\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R
double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return (R * sqrt(((((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0))) * ((lambda1 - lambda2) * cos(((phi1 + phi2) / 2.0)))) + ((phi1 - phi2) * (phi1 - phi2)))));
}
↓
double code(double R, double lambda1, double lambda2, double phi1, double phi2) {
	return (hypot(fma((cos((0.5 * phi1)) * cos((0.5 * phi2))), lambda1, ((sin((0.5 * phi2)) * (lambda2 * sin((0.5 * phi1)))) - fma(cos((0.5 * phi2)), (cos((0.5 * phi1)) * lambda2), (sin((0.5 * phi2)) * (sin((0.5 * phi1)) * lambda1))))), (phi1 - phi2)) * R);
}

Error

Bits error versus R

Bits error versus lambda1

Bits error versus lambda2

Bits error versus phi1

Bits error versus phi2

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Derivation

  1. Initial program 39.0

    \[R \cdot \sqrt{\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right)\right) + \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\phi_1 - \phi_2\right)}\]

  2. Simplified4.0

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(\frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{2}\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R}\]

  3. Taylor expanded around inf 4.0

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)\right)}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\]

  4. Simplified4.0

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \left(\phi_2 + \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right)}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\]
  5. Using strategy rm

  6. Applied distribute-lft-in4.0

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\cos \color{blue}{\left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2 + 0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\]

  7. Applied cos-sum0.1

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) - \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right)} \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\]

  8. Simplified0.1

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\color{blue}{\cos \left(\phi_2 \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right)} - \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\]

  9. Simplified0.1

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\left(\cos \left(\phi_2 \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \cos \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right) - \color{blue}{\sin \left(\phi_2 \cdot 0.5\right) \cdot \sin \left(\phi_1 \cdot 0.5\right)}\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_1 - \lambda_2\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\]

  10. Taylor expanded around inf 0.1

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_1\right) + \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)\right)\right) - \left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right)\right) + \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \lambda_1\right)\right)}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\]

  11. Simplified0.1

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right), \lambda_1, \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) - \mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right), \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_1\right)\right)\right)}, \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\]

  12. Final simplification0.1

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{hypot}\left(\mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right), \lambda_1, \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\lambda_2 \cdot \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right)\right) - \mathsf{fma}\left(\cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right), \cos \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_2, \sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_2\right) \cdot \left(\sin \left(0.5 \cdot \phi_1\right) \cdot \lambda_1\right)\right)\right), \phi_1 - \phi_2\right) \cdot R\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2020053 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (R lambda1 lambda2 phi1 phi2)
  :name "Equirectangular approximation to distance on a great circle"
  :precision binary64
  (* R (sqrt (+ (* (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2))) (* (- lambda1 lambda2) (cos (/ (+ phi1 phi2) 2)))) (* (- phi1 phi2) (- phi1 phi2))))))