3frac (problem 3.3.3)

Average Error: 10.0 → 0.1

Time: 6.1s

Precision: 64

Math

\[\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\]

↓

\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1} \le -0.033504988994731283 \lor \neg \left(\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1} \le 1.7156110759 \cdot 10^{-8}\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(2, \frac{1}{{x}^{7}}, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, \frac{1}{{x}^{5}}, \frac{\frac{2}{x \cdot x}}{x}\right)\right)\\ \end{array}\]

C

double code(double x) {
	return (((1.0 / (x + 1.0)) - (2.0 / x)) + (1.0 / (x - 1.0)));
}

↓

double code(double x) {
	double temp;
	if ((((((1.0 / (x + 1.0)) - (2.0 / x)) + (1.0 / (x - 1.0))) <= -0.03350498899473128) || !((((1.0 / (x + 1.0)) - (2.0 / x)) + (1.0 / (x - 1.0))) <= 1.715611075902776e-08))) {
		temp = (((1.0 / (x + 1.0)) - (2.0 / x)) + (1.0 / (x - 1.0)));
	} else {
		temp = fma(2.0, (1.0 / pow(x, 7.0)), fma(2.0, (1.0 / pow(x, 5.0)), ((2.0 / (x * x)) / x)));
	}
	return temp;
}

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original	10.0
Target	0.3
Herbie	0.1

\[\frac{2}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot x - 1\right)}\]

Derivation

1. Split input into 2 regimes

2. if (+ (- (/ 1.0 (+ x 1.0)) (/ 2.0 x)) (/ 1.0 (- x 1.0))) < -0.03350498899473128 or 1.715611075902776e-08 < (+ (- (/ 1.0 (+ x 1.0)) (/ 2.0 x)) (/ 1.0 (- x 1.0)))

   1. Initial program 0.0

      \[\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\]

   if -0.03350498899473128 < (+ (- (/ 1.0 (+ x 1.0)) (/ 2.0 x)) (/ 1.0 (- x 1.0))) < 1.715611075902776e-08

   1. Initial program 19.7

      \[\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\]

   2. Taylor expanded around inf 0.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{7}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{5}} + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{3}}\right)}\]

   3. Simplified 0.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(2, \frac{1}{{x}^{7}}, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, \frac{1}{{x}^{5}}, \frac{2}{{x}^{3}}\right)\right)}\]
   4. Using strategy rm

   5. Applied unpow3 0.7

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(2, \frac{1}{{x}^{7}}, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, \frac{1}{{x}^{5}}, \frac{2}{\color{blue}{\left(x \cdot x\right) \cdot x}}\right)\right)\]

   6. Applied associate-/r* 0.2

      \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(2, \frac{1}{{x}^{7}}, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, \frac{1}{{x}^{5}}, \color{blue}{\frac{\frac{2}{x \cdot x}}{x}}\right)\right)\]
3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

4. Final simplification 0.1

   \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1} \le -0.033504988994731283 \lor \neg \left(\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1} \le 1.7156110759 \cdot 10^{-8}\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(2, \frac{1}{{x}^{7}}, \mathsf{fma}\left(2, \frac{1}{{x}^{5}}, \frac{\frac{2}{x \cdot x}}{x}\right)\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2020049 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "3frac (problem 3.3.3)"
  :precision binary64

  :herbie-target
  (/ 2 (* x (- (* x x) 1)))

  (+ (- (/ 1 (+ x 1)) (/ 2 x)) (/ 1 (- x 1))))