Average Error: 58.9 → 0.4
Time: 1.7s
Precision: 64
\[-1.7 \cdot 10^{-4} \lt x\]
\[e^{x} - 1\]
↓
\[\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)\]
e^{x} - 1
↓
\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)
double f(double x) {
        double r79126 = x;
        double r79127 = exp(r79126);
        double r79128 = 1.0;
        double r79129 = r79127 - r79128;
        return r79129;
}
↓
double f(double x) {
        double r79130 = 0.5;
        double r79131 = x;
        double r79132 = 2.0;
        double r79133 = pow(r79131, r79132);
        double r79134 = 0.16666666666666666;
        double r79135 = 3.0;
        double r79136 = pow(r79131, r79135);
        double r79137 = fma(r79134, r79136, r79131);
        double r79138 = fma(r79130, r79133, r79137);
        return r79138;
}

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original58.9
Target0.4
Herbie0.4
\[x \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{x}{2}\right) + \frac{x \cdot x}{6}\right)\]

Derivation

  1. Initial program 58.9

    \[e^{x} - 1\]

  2. Taylor expanded around 0 0.4

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{3} + x\right)}\]

  3. Simplified0.4

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)}\]

  4. Final simplification0.4

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2020046 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "expm1 (example 3.7)"
  :precision binary64
  :pre (< -0.00017 x)

  :herbie-target
  (* x (+ (+ 1 (/ x 2)) (/ (* x x) 6)))

  (- (exp x) 1))