Average Error: 58.9 → 0.4
Time: 1.9s
Precision: 64
\[-1.700000000000000122124532708767219446599 \cdot 10^{-4} \lt x\]
\[e^{x} - 1\]
↓
\[\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)\]
e^{x} - 1
↓
\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)
double f(double x) {
        double r85147 = x;
        double r85148 = exp(r85147);
        double r85149 = 1.0;
        double r85150 = r85148 - r85149;
        return r85150;
}
↓
double f(double x) {
        double r85151 = 0.5;
        double r85152 = x;
        double r85153 = 2.0;
        double r85154 = pow(r85152, r85153);
        double r85155 = 0.16666666666666666;
        double r85156 = 3.0;
        double r85157 = pow(r85152, r85156);
        double r85158 = fma(r85155, r85157, r85152);
        double r85159 = fma(r85151, r85154, r85158);
        return r85159;
}

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original58.9
Target0.4
Herbie0.4
\[x \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{x}{2}\right) + \frac{x \cdot x}{6}\right)\]

Derivation

  1. Initial program 58.9

    \[e^{x} - 1\]

  2. Taylor expanded around 0 0.4

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{3} + x\right)}\]

  3. Simplified0.4

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)}\]

  4. Final simplification0.4

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019354 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "expm1 (example 3.7)"
  :precision binary64
  :pre (< -0.00017 x)

  :herbie-target
  (* x (+ (+ 1 (/ x 2)) (/ (* x x) 6)))

  (- (exp x) 1))