Average Error: 58.5 → 0.6
Time: 3.5s
Precision: 64
\[-1.700000000000000122124532708767219446599 \cdot 10^{-4} \lt x\]
\[e^{x} - 1\]
↓
\[\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)\]
e^{x} - 1
↓
\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)
double f(double x) {
        double r102370 = x;
        double r102371 = exp(r102370);
        double r102372 = 1.0;
        double r102373 = r102371 - r102372;
        return r102373;
}
↓
double f(double x) {
        double r102374 = 0.5;
        double r102375 = x;
        double r102376 = 2.0;
        double r102377 = pow(r102375, r102376);
        double r102378 = 0.16666666666666666;
        double r102379 = 3.0;
        double r102380 = pow(r102375, r102379);
        double r102381 = fma(r102378, r102380, r102375);
        double r102382 = fma(r102374, r102377, r102381);
        return r102382;
}

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original58.5
Target0.6
Herbie0.6
\[x \cdot \left(\left(1 + \frac{x}{2}\right) + \frac{x \cdot x}{6}\right)\]

Derivation

  1. Initial program 58.5

    \[e^{x} - 1\]

  2. Taylor expanded around 0 0.6

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot {x}^{2} + \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{3} + x\right)}\]

  3. Simplified0.6

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)}\]

  4. Final simplification0.6

    \[\leadsto \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{2}, {x}^{2}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{6}, {x}^{3}, x\right)\right)\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019353 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "expm1 (example 3.7)"
  :precision binary64
  :pre (< -0.00017 x)

  :herbie-target
  (* x (+ (+ 1 (/ x 2)) (/ (* x x) 6)))

  (- (exp x) 1))