Average Error: 30.4 → 0.6
Time: 23.6s
Precision: 64
\[\frac{1 - \cos x}{\sin x}\]
↓
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -0.02364773704659709624431584984449727926403:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\sqrt{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}}}{\sin x} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \cos x}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \le 0.02077111946200701705911306760299339657649:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, {x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{240}, {x}^{5}, \frac{1}{2} \cdot x\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\log \left(e^{{1}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}\right)}{\sin x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(1, 1, \cos x \cdot \left(1 + \cos x\right)\right)}\\ \end{array}\]
\frac{1 - \cos x}{\sin x}
↓
\begin{array}{l}
\mathbf{if}\;x \le -0.02364773704659709624431584984449727926403:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\sqrt{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}}}{\sin x} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \cos x}\\

\mathbf{elif}\;x \le 0.02077111946200701705911306760299339657649:\\
\;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, {x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{240}, {x}^{5}, \frac{1}{2} \cdot x\right)\right)\\

\mathbf{else}:\\
\;\;\;\;\frac{\log \left(e^{{1}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}\right)}{\sin x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(1, 1, \cos x \cdot \left(1 + \cos x\right)\right)}\\

\end{array}
double f(double x) {
        double r58500 = 1.0;
        double r58501 = x;
        double r58502 = cos(r58501);
        double r58503 = r58500 - r58502;
        double r58504 = sin(r58501);
        double r58505 = r58503 / r58504;
        return r58505;
}
↓
double f(double x) {
        double r58506 = x;
        double r58507 = -0.023647737046597096;
        bool r58508 = r58506 <= r58507;
        double r58509 = 1.0;
        double r58510 = cos(r58506);
        double r58511 = r58509 - r58510;
        double r58512 = log(r58511);
        double r58513 = exp(r58512);
        double r58514 = sqrt(r58513);
        double r58515 = sin(r58506);
        double r58516 = r58514 / r58515;
        double r58517 = sqrt(r58511);
        double r58518 = r58516 * r58517;
        double r58519 = 0.020771119462007017;
        bool r58520 = r58506 <= r58519;
        double r58521 = 0.041666666666666664;
        double r58522 = 3.0;
        double r58523 = pow(r58506, r58522);
        double r58524 = 0.004166666666666667;
        double r58525 = 5.0;
        double r58526 = pow(r58506, r58525);
        double r58527 = 0.5;
        double r58528 = r58527 * r58506;
        double r58529 = fma(r58524, r58526, r58528);
        double r58530 = fma(r58521, r58523, r58529);
        double r58531 = pow(r58509, r58522);
        double r58532 = pow(r58510, r58522);
        double r58533 = r58531 - r58532;
        double r58534 = exp(r58533);
        double r58535 = log(r58534);
        double r58536 = r58509 + r58510;
        double r58537 = r58510 * r58536;
        double r58538 = fma(r58509, r58509, r58537);
        double r58539 = r58515 * r58538;
        double r58540 = r58535 / r58539;
        double r58541 = r58520 ? r58530 : r58540;
        double r58542 = r58508 ? r58518 : r58541;
        return r58542;
}

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original30.4
Target0.0
Herbie0.6
\[\tan \left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 3 regimes

  2. if x < -0.023647737046597096

    1. Initial program 0.9

      \[\frac{1 - \cos x}{\sin x}\]
    2. Using strategy rm

    3. Applied add-log-exp1.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(e^{\frac{1 - \cos x}{\sin x}}\right)}\]
    4. Using strategy rm

    5. Applied add-exp-log1.1

      \[\leadsto \log \left(e^{\frac{\color{blue}{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}}}{\sin x}}\right)\]
    6. Using strategy rm

    7. Applied *-un-lft-identity1.1

      \[\leadsto \log \left(e^{\frac{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}}{\color{blue}{1 \cdot \sin x}}}\right)\]

    8. Applied add-sqr-sqrt1.2

      \[\leadsto \log \left(e^{\frac{\color{blue}{\sqrt{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}} \cdot \sqrt{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}}}}{1 \cdot \sin x}}\right)\]

    9. Applied times-frac1.3

      \[\leadsto \log \left(e^{\color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}}}{1} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}}}{\sin x}}}\right)\]

    10. Applied exp-prod1.3

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left({\left(e^{\frac{\sqrt{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}}}{1}}\right)}^{\left(\frac{\sqrt{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}}}{\sin x}\right)}\right)}\]

    11. Applied log-pow1.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{\sqrt{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}}}{\sin x} \cdot \log \left(e^{\frac{\sqrt{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}}}{1}}\right)}\]

    12. Simplified1.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\sqrt{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}}}{\sin x} \cdot \color{blue}{\sqrt{1 - \cos x}}\]

    if -0.023647737046597096 < x < 0.020771119462007017

    1. Initial program 60.0

      \[\frac{1 - \cos x}{\sin x}\]

    2. Taylor expanded around 0 0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{24} \cdot {x}^{3} + \left(\frac{1}{240} \cdot {x}^{5} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot x\right)}\]

    3. Simplified0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, {x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{240}, {x}^{5}, \frac{1}{2} \cdot x\right)\right)}\]

    if 0.020771119462007017 < x

    1. Initial program 0.9

      \[\frac{1 - \cos x}{\sin x}\]
    2. Using strategy rm

    3. Applied flip3--1.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{{1}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{1 \cdot 1 + \left(\cos x \cdot \cos x + 1 \cdot \cos x\right)}}}{\sin x}\]

    4. Applied associate-/l/1.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{1}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\sin x \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1 + \left(\cos x \cdot \cos x + 1 \cdot \cos x\right)\right)}}\]

    5. Simplified1.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{{1}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}{\color{blue}{\sin x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(1, 1, \cos x \cdot \left(1 + \cos x\right)\right)}}\]
    6. Using strategy rm

    7. Applied add-log-exp1.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{{1}^{3} - \color{blue}{\log \left(e^{{\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}\right)}}{\sin x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(1, 1, \cos x \cdot \left(1 + \cos x\right)\right)}\]

    8. Applied add-log-exp1.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\log \left(e^{{1}^{3}}\right)} - \log \left(e^{{\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}\right)}{\sin x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(1, 1, \cos x \cdot \left(1 + \cos x\right)\right)}\]

    9. Applied diff-log1.2

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{e^{{1}^{3}}}{e^{{\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}}\right)}}{\sin x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(1, 1, \cos x \cdot \left(1 + \cos x\right)\right)}\]

    10. Simplified1.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\log \color{blue}{\left(e^{{1}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}\right)}}{\sin x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(1, 1, \cos x \cdot \left(1 + \cos x\right)\right)}\]
  3. Recombined 3 regimes into one program.

  4. Final simplification0.6

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -0.02364773704659709624431584984449727926403:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\sqrt{e^{\log \left(1 - \cos x\right)}}}{\sin x} \cdot \sqrt{1 - \cos x}\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \le 0.02077111946200701705911306760299339657649:\\ \;\;\;\;\mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{24}, {x}^{3}, \mathsf{fma}\left(\frac{1}{240}, {x}^{5}, \frac{1}{2} \cdot x\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\log \left(e^{{1}^{3} - {\left(\cos x\right)}^{3}}\right)}{\sin x \cdot \mathsf{fma}\left(1, 1, \cos x \cdot \left(1 + \cos x\right)\right)}\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019326 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "tanhf (example 3.4)"
  :precision binary64
  :herbie-expected 2

  :herbie-target
  (tan (/ x 2))

  (/ (- 1 (cos x)) (sin x)))