Average Error: 39.8 → 0.3
Time: 10.7s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]
↓
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -9.922346769656687 \cdot 10^{-05}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-1 + e^{\left(\left(x + x\right) + \left(x + x\right)\right) + \left(x + x\right)}}{\left(\left(\left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right) \cdot \left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right) - \left(-e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right)\right) + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + e^{x}\right) \cdot x\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{6} \cdot x\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original39.8
Target39.0
Herbie0.3
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \lt 1 \land x \gt -1:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{e^{x} - 1}{\log \left(e^{x}\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes

  2. if x < -9.922346769656687e-05

    1. Initial program 0.1

      \[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]
    2. Using strategy rm

    3. Applied flip--0.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{e^{x} \cdot e^{x} - 1 \cdot 1}{e^{x} + 1}}}{x}\]

    4. Applied associate-/l/0.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{e^{x} \cdot e^{x} - 1 \cdot 1}{x \cdot \left(e^{x} + 1\right)}}\]

    5. Simplified0.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{-1 + e^{x} \cdot e^{x}}}{x \cdot \left(e^{x} + 1\right)}\]
    6. Using strategy rm

    7. Applied flip3-+0.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{{-1}^{3} + {\left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right)}^{3}}{-1 \cdot -1 + \left(\left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right) \cdot \left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right) - -1 \cdot \left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right)\right)}}}{x \cdot \left(e^{x} + 1\right)}\]

    8. Applied associate-/l/0.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{{-1}^{3} + {\left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right)}^{3}}{\left(x \cdot \left(e^{x} + 1\right)\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot -1 + \left(\left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right) \cdot \left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right) - -1 \cdot \left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right)\right)\right)}}\]

    9. Simplified0.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{-1 + e^{\left(x + x\right) + \left(\left(x + x\right) + \left(x + x\right)\right)}}}{\left(x \cdot \left(e^{x} + 1\right)\right) \cdot \left(-1 \cdot -1 + \left(\left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right) \cdot \left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right) - -1 \cdot \left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right)\right)\right)}\]

    if -9.922346769656687e-05 < x

    1. Initial program 60.3

      \[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]

    2. Taylor expanded around 0 0.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot x + \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2} + 1\right)}\]

    3. Simplified0.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot x + \frac{1}{2}\right) + 1}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

  4. Final simplification0.3

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -9.922346769656687 \cdot 10^{-05}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-1 + e^{\left(\left(x + x\right) + \left(x + x\right)\right) + \left(x + x\right)}}{\left(\left(\left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right) \cdot \left(e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right) - \left(-e^{x} \cdot e^{x}\right)\right) + 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(1 + e^{x}\right) \cdot x\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;1 + x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{6} \cdot x\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019089 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Kahan's exp quotient"

  :herbie-target
  (if (and (< x 1) (> x -1)) (/ (- (exp x) 1) (log (exp x))) (/ (- (exp x) 1) x))

  (/ (- (exp x) 1) x))