Average Error: 9.6 → 0.3
Time: 42.7s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -0.991576671834505:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{2}{{x}^{7}} + \left(\frac{2}{{x}^{5}} + \frac{\frac{2}{x \cdot x}}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \le 0.9896132628468995:\\ \;\;\;\;(-2 \cdot \left((x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + x)_*\right) + \left(\frac{-2}{x}\right))_*\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{2}{{x}^{7}} + \left(\frac{2}{{x}^{5}} + \frac{\frac{2}{x \cdot x}}{x}\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original9.6
Target0.3
Herbie0.3
\[\frac{2}{x \cdot \left(x \cdot x - 1\right)}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if x < -0.991576671834505 or 0.9896132628468995 < x

    1. Initial program 19.3

      \[\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\]
    2. Taylor expanded around inf 0.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{2 \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{7}} + \left(2 \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{3}} + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{{x}^{5}}\right)}\]
    3. Simplified0.3

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{2}{{x}^{7}} + \left(\frac{\frac{2}{x \cdot x}}{x} + \frac{2}{{x}^{5}}\right)}\]

    if -0.991576671834505 < x < 0.9896132628468995

    1. Initial program 0.0

      \[\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied add-cube-cbrt1.2

      \[\leadsto \left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\]
    4. Applied add-cube-cbrt1.2

      \[\leadsto \left(\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{x + 1}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{x + 1}}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{x + 1}}} - \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right) + \frac{1}{x - 1}\]
    5. Applied prod-diff1.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left((\left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{x + 1}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{x + 1}}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{x + 1}}\right) + \left(-\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right)\right))_* + (\left(-\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right) + \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right)\right))_*\right)} + \frac{1}{x - 1}\]
    6. Applied associate-+l+1.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{(\left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{x + 1}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{x + 1}}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{x + 1}}\right) + \left(-\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right)\right))_* + \left((\left(-\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right) + \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right)\right))_* + \frac{1}{x - 1}\right)}\]
    7. Simplified0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{x + 1} - \frac{2}{x}\right)} + \left((\left(-\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right) + \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \left(\sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{x}}\right)\right))_* + \frac{1}{x - 1}\right)\]
    8. Taylor expanded around 0 0.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-\left(2 \cdot x + \left(2 \cdot {x}^{3} + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{x}\right)\right)}\]
    9. Simplified0.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{(-2 \cdot \left((x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + x)_*\right) + \left(\frac{-2}{x}\right))_*}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.3

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -0.991576671834505:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{2}{{x}^{7}} + \left(\frac{2}{{x}^{5}} + \frac{\frac{2}{x \cdot x}}{x}\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;x \le 0.9896132628468995:\\ \;\;\;\;(-2 \cdot \left((x \cdot \left(x \cdot x\right) + x)_*\right) + \left(\frac{-2}{x}\right))_*\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{2}{{x}^{7}} + \left(\frac{2}{{x}^{5}} + \frac{\frac{2}{x \cdot x}}{x}\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019068 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x)
  :name "3frac (problem 3.3.3)"

  :herbie-target
  (/ 2 (* x (- (* x x) 1)))

  (+ (- (/ 1 (+ x 1)) (/ 2 x)) (/ 1 (- x 1))))