Average Error: 39.5 → 0.8
Time: 18.8s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \le -0.00041039810197564524:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\cos x + \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \le 0.00010508423175312767:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \log_* (1 + (e^{\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)} - 1)^*)\right) \cdot -2\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\cos x + \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Bits error versus eps

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if eps < -0.00041039810197564524 or 0.00010508423175312767 < eps

    1. Initial program 30.2

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied cos-sum0.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x\]
    4. Applied associate--l-0.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon + \cos x\right)}\]

    if -0.00041039810197564524 < eps < 0.00010508423175312767

    1. Initial program 48.9

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied diff-cos37.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)\right)}\]
    4. Simplified0.5

      \[\leadsto -2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(\frac{x + \left(\varepsilon + x\right)}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)\right)}\]
    5. Using strategy rm
    6. Applied log1p-expm1-u0.6

      \[\leadsto -2 \cdot \left(\color{blue}{\log_* (1 + (e^{\sin \left(\frac{x + \left(\varepsilon + x\right)}{2}\right)} - 1)^*)} \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)\right)\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.8

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \le -0.00041039810197564524:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\cos x + \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\\ \mathbf{elif}\;\varepsilon \le 0.00010508423175312767:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \log_* (1 + (e^{\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)} - 1)^*)\right) \cdot -2\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \left(\cos x + \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019050 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "2cos (problem 3.3.5)"
  (- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x)))