Average Error: 39.9 → 0.3
Time: 23.0s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]
↓
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -0.00017600121483412863:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-1 + e^{x} \cdot e^{x}}{x \cdot \left(1 + e^{x}\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot x + \frac{1}{2}\right) + 1\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Target

Original39.9
Target39.2
Herbie0.3
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \lt 1 \land x \gt -1:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{e^{x} - 1}{\log \left(e^{x}\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes

  2. if x < -0.00017600121483412863

    1. Initial program 0.0

      \[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]
    2. Using strategy rm

    3. Applied flip--0.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{e^{x} \cdot e^{x} - 1 \cdot 1}{e^{x} + 1}}}{x}\]

    4. Applied associate-/l/0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{e^{x} \cdot e^{x} - 1 \cdot 1}{x \cdot \left(e^{x} + 1\right)}}\]

    5. Simplified0.0

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{-1 + e^{x} \cdot e^{x}}}{x \cdot \left(e^{x} + 1\right)}\]

    if -0.00017600121483412863 < x

    1. Initial program 60.2

      \[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]

    2. Taylor expanded around 0 0.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot x + \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2} + 1\right)}\]

    3. Simplified0.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot x + \frac{1}{2}\right) + 1}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

  4. Final simplification0.3

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -0.00017600121483412863:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{-1 + e^{x} \cdot e^{x}}{x \cdot \left(1 + e^{x}\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;x \cdot \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot x + \frac{1}{2}\right) + 1\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019050 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Kahan's exp quotient"

  :herbie-target
  (if (and (< x 1) (> x -1)) (/ (- (exp x) 1) (log (exp x))) (/ (- (exp x) 1) x))

  (/ (- (exp x) 1) x))