Average Error: 29.3 → 0.3
Time: 10.8s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
↓
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.00018067708270756561:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{{\left(e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{3} - 1}{\left(e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x}\right) \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x}\right) + \left(1 + e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x}\right)}}{e^{a \cdot x} + 1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{6} + a \cdot x\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus x

Target

Original29.3
Target0.2
Herbie0.3
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|a \cdot x\right| \lt \frac{1}{10}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{a \cdot x}{2} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot x\right)}^{2}}{6}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes

  2. if (* a x) < -0.00018067708270756561

    1. Initial program 0.0

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Using strategy rm

    3. Applied flip--0.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x} - 1 \cdot 1}{e^{a \cdot x} + 1}}\]
    4. Using strategy rm

    5. Applied flip3--0.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\frac{{\left(e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{3} - {\left(1 \cdot 1\right)}^{3}}{\left(e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x}\right) \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x}\right) + \left(\left(1 \cdot 1\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right) + \left(e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x}\right) \cdot \left(1 \cdot 1\right)\right)}}}{e^{a \cdot x} + 1}\]

    if -0.00018067708270756561 < (* a x)

    1. Initial program 44.1

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]

    2. Taylor expanded around 0 14.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot x + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)}\]

    3. Simplified0.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(a \cdot x + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \left(\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right)\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right)}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.

  4. Final simplification0.3

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.00018067708270756561:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\frac{{\left(e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x}\right)}^{3} - 1}{\left(e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x}\right) \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x}\right) + \left(1 + e^{a \cdot x} \cdot e^{a \cdot x}\right)}}{e^{a \cdot x} + 1}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right)\right) \cdot \frac{1}{6} + a \cdot x\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019050 
(FPCore (a x)
  :name "expax (section 3.5)"

  :herbie-target
  (if (< (fabs (* a x)) 1/10) (* (* a x) (+ 1 (+ (/ (* a x) 2) (/ (pow (* a x) 2) 6)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

  (- (exp (* a x)) 1))