Average Error: 39.7 → 0.4
Time: 17.4s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
\[\left(\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot \sin x + \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot \cos x\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot -2\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Bits error versus eps

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Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Derivation

  1. Initial program 39.7

    \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
  2. Using strategy rm
  3. Applied diff-cos34.4

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)\right)}\]
  4. Simplified15.6

    \[\leadsto -2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + x\right) + \varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)\right)}\]
  5. Taylor expanded around inf 15.6

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left(2 \cdot x + \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right)}\]
  6. Simplified15.6

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sin \left(x + \varepsilon \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \sin \left(\varepsilon \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)}\]
  7. Using strategy rm
  8. Applied sin-sum0.4

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sin x \cdot \cos \left(\varepsilon \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right) + \cos x \cdot \sin \left(\varepsilon \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)} \cdot \left(-2 \cdot \sin \left(\varepsilon \cdot \frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\]
  9. Taylor expanded around inf 0.4

    \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\left(\sin x \cdot \cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon\right) + \cos x \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right)}\]
  10. Final simplification0.4

    \[\leadsto \left(\left(\cos \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot \sin x + \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon\right) \cdot \cos x\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot \varepsilon\right)\right) \cdot -2\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019026 
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "2cos (problem 3.3.5)"
  (- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x)))