Average Error: 29.6 → 0.1
Time: 10.3s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;N \le 7873.256484335812:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 + N}{N}}\right) + \log \left(\frac{1 + N}{N}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;(\left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{N} - \frac{1}{2}\right) + \left(\frac{1}{N}\right))_*\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus N

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if N < 7873.256484335812

    1. Initial program 0.1

      \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied diff-log0.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{N + 1}{N}\right)}\]
    4. Using strategy rm
    5. Applied add-sqr-sqrt0.1

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{N + 1}{N}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{N + 1}{N}}\right)}\]
    6. Applied log-prod0.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\sqrt{\frac{N + 1}{N}}\right) + \log \left(\sqrt{\frac{N + 1}{N}}\right)}\]
    7. Using strategy rm
    8. Applied pow1/20.1

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\sqrt{\frac{N + 1}{N}}\right) + \log \color{blue}{\left({\left(\frac{N + 1}{N}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}\right)}\]
    9. Applied log-pow0.1

      \[\leadsto \log \left(\sqrt{\frac{N + 1}{N}}\right) + \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \log \left(\frac{N + 1}{N}\right)}\]

    if 7873.256484335812 < N

    1. Initial program 59.5

      \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N\]
    2. Taylor expanded around -inf 0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{{N}^{3}} + \frac{1}{N}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{N}^{2}}}\]
    3. Simplified0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{(\left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{N} - \frac{1}{2}\right) + \left(\frac{1}{N}\right))_*}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.1

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;N \le 7873.256484335812:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(\sqrt{\frac{1 + N}{N}}\right) + \log \left(\frac{1 + N}{N}\right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;(\left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{N} - \frac{1}{2}\right) + \left(\frac{1}{N}\right))_*\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019022 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (N)
  :name "2log (problem 3.3.6)"
  (- (log (+ N 1)) (log N)))

Details

Time bar (total: 9.8s)Debug log

sample68.0ms

Algorithm
intervals
Results
20.0ms51×body1280valid
12.0ms270×body80nan
11.0ms43×body640valid
9.0ms126×body80valid
4.0ms22×body320valid
2.0ms14×body160valid

simplify4.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
4.0ms
(- (log (+ N 1)) (log N))

prune7.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 30.2b

localize11.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

3.9b
(- (log (+ N 1)) (log N))
2.6b
(log (+ N 1))

rewrite22.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
15×*-un-lft-identity
14×add-sqr-sqrt
12×add-cube-cbrt
12×prod-diff
pow1
log-pow
log-prod
fma-neg
log-div
add-exp-log
associate--l+
add-log-exp
distribute-lft-out--
log1p-expm1-u
flip-+
add-cbrt-cube
flip3-+
expm1-log1p-u
associate--l-
difference-of-squares
flip--
rem-log-exp
diff-log
flip3--
sub-neg
Counts
2 → 54
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
20.0ms
(- (log (+ N 1)) (log N))
1.0ms
(log (+ N 1))

series88.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
63.0ms
(- (log (+ N 1)) (log N))
25.0ms
(log (+ N 1))

simplify1.8s

Counts
48 → 60
Calls
48 calls:
Slowest
319.0ms
(- (+ N (* 1/3 (pow N 3))) (* 1/2 (pow N 2)))
314.0ms
(- (+ (/ 1 N) (log -1)) (+ (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))) (log (/ -1 N))))
233.0ms
(- (/ 1 N) (+ (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))) (log (/ 1 N))))
175.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
167.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))

prune404.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (4 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize22.0ms

Local error

Found 3 expressions with local error:

0.5b
(/ 1 (* N N))
0.4b
(/ 1/3 N)
0.1b
(fma (/ 1 (* N N)) (- (/ 1/3 N) 1/2) (/ 1 N))

rewrite3.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-exp-log
pow1
add-log-exp
log1p-expm1-u
add-cube-cbrt
add-cbrt-cube
*-un-lft-identity
expm1-log1p-u
add-sqr-sqrt
pow-flip
div-inv
frac-2neg
clear-num
inv-pow
fma-udef
associate-/r*
rec-exp
pow2
Counts
3 → 39
Calls
3 calls:
Slowest
2.0ms
(/ 1 (* N N))
0.0ms
(/ 1/3 N)
0.0ms
(fma (/ 1 (* N N)) (- (/ 1/3 N) 1/2) (/ 1 N))

series46.0ms

Counts
3 → 9
Calls
3 calls:
Slowest
18.0ms
(fma (/ 1 (* N N)) (- (/ 1/3 N) 1/2) (/ 1 N))
16.0ms
(/ 1 (* N N))
12.0ms
(/ 1/3 N)

simplify516.0ms

Counts
11 → 48
Calls
11 calls:
Slowest
194.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
152.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
137.0ms
(- (+ (/ 1 N) (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3)))) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
8.0ms
(/ 1 (pow N 2))
7.0ms
(/ 1 (pow N 2))

prune371.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize12.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

3.9b
(log (/ (+ N 1) N))
0.0b
(/ (+ N 1) N)

rewrite8.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-cube-cbrt
*-un-lft-identity
log-prod
add-sqr-sqrt
associate-/l*
add-exp-log
pow1
associate-/l/
add-log-exp
div-inv
log1p-expm1-u
add-cbrt-cube
expm1-log1p-u
flip-+
log-pow
rem-log-exp
flip3-+
frac-2neg
clear-num
log-div
Counts
2 → 33
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
5.0ms
(/ (+ N 1) N)
2.0ms
(log (/ (+ N 1) N))

series79.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
52.0ms
(log (/ (+ N 1) N))
27.0ms
(/ (+ N 1) N)

simplify466.0ms

Counts
16 → 39
Calls
16 calls:
Slowest
207.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
144.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
72.0ms
(- N (+ (log N) (* 1/2 (pow N 2))))
8.0ms
(- (* N N) (* 1 1))
4.0ms
(+ (pow N 3) (pow 1 3))

prune284.0ms

Pruning

5 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize17.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

4.0b
(log (sqrt (/ (+ N 1) N)))
4.0b
(log (sqrt (/ (+ N 1) N)))
0.1b
(sqrt (/ (+ N 1) N))
0.1b
(sqrt (/ (+ N 1) N))

rewrite5.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
16×sqrt-prod
14×log-prod
12×add-sqr-sqrt
10×add-cube-cbrt
10×*-un-lft-identity
add-exp-log
pow1
add-log-exp
div-inv
log1p-expm1-u
log-pow
sqrt-div
pow1/2
add-cbrt-cube
expm1-log1p-u
rem-log-exp
log-div
rem-sqrt-square
Counts
4 → 72
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
2.0ms
(log (sqrt (/ (+ N 1) N)))
1.0ms
(log (sqrt (/ (+ N 1) N)))
1.0ms
(sqrt (/ (+ N 1) N))
1.0ms
(sqrt (/ (+ N 1) N))

series154.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
72.0ms
(log (sqrt (/ (+ N 1) N)))
48.0ms
(log (sqrt (/ (+ N 1) N)))
18.0ms
(sqrt (/ (+ N 1) N))
16.0ms
(sqrt (/ (+ N 1) N))

simplify1.3s

Counts
42 → 84
Calls
42 calls:
Slowest
208.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/6 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (* 1/2 (/ 1 N))) (* 1/4 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
204.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/6 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (* 1/2 (/ 1 N))) (* 1/4 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
195.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/6 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (* 1/2 (/ 1 N))) (* 1/4 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
183.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/6 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (* 1/2 (/ 1 N))) (* 1/4 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
125.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/2 (/ 1 N)) 1) (* 1/8 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))

prune684.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (2 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

regimes60.0ms

Accuracy

100% (0.0b remaining)

Error of 0.1b against oracle of 0.1b and baseline of 30.8b

bsearch66.0ms

end0.0ms

sample3.3s

Algorithm
intervals
Results
1.4s1755×body1280valid
521.0ms8004×body80nan
450.0ms4059×body80valid
404.0ms1213×body640valid
188.0ms648×body320valid
48.0ms325×body160valid