Average Error: 29.7 → 0.6
Time: 15.7s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -1637.5086292701421:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt[3]{\left(e^{a \cdot x} - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(e^{a \cdot x} - 1\right) \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} - 1\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot x + \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot a + \frac{1}{2}\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original29.7
Target0.2
Herbie0.6
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|a \cdot x\right| \lt \frac{1}{10}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{a \cdot x}{2} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot x\right)}^{2}}{6}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (* a x) < -1637.5086292701421

    1. Initial program 0

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied add-cbrt-cube0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\left(e^{a \cdot x} - 1\right) \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} - 1\right)\right) \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} - 1\right)}}\]

    if -1637.5086292701421 < (* a x)

    1. Initial program 44.1

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Taylor expanded around 0 14.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot x + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)}\]
    3. Simplified0.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.6

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -1637.5086292701421:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt[3]{\left(e^{a \cdot x} - 1\right) \cdot \left(\left(e^{a \cdot x} - 1\right) \cdot \left(e^{a \cdot x} - 1\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot x + \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot a + \frac{1}{2}\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019022 
(FPCore (a x)
  :name "expax (section 3.5)"

  :herbie-target
  (if (< (fabs (* a x)) 1/10) (* (* a x) (+ 1 (+ (/ (* a x) 2) (/ (pow (* a x) 2) 6)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

  (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

Details

Time bar (total: 15.3s)Debug log

sample94.0ms

Algorithm
intervals
Results
47.0ms84×body1280valid
14.0ms43×body640valid
12.0ms175×body80valid
5.0ms24×body320valid
2.0ms17×body160valid

simplify9.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
9.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

prune5.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 28.4b

localize8.0ms

Local error

Found 1 expressions with local error:

4.9b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

rewrite4.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
flip--
add-cube-cbrt
add-exp-log
difference-of-sqr-1
add-cbrt-cube
flip3--
*-un-lft-identity
sub-neg
pow1
Counts
1 → 12
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
4.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

series33.0ms

Counts
1 → 3
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
33.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

simplify350.0ms

Counts
4 → 15
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
336.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
3.0ms
(+ (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)

prune103.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (2 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize34.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.3b
(* x 1/6)
0.2b
(* (* a x) (* a x))
0.2b
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.1b
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))

rewrite33.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
14×pow1
11×add-exp-log
11×add-cbrt-cube
add-cube-cbrt
associate-*r*
*-un-lft-identity
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
cbrt-unprod
*-commutative
prod-exp
pow-prod-down
associate-*r/
associate-*l*
flip-+
pow-prod-up
pow-plus
flip3-+
distribute-lft-in
distribute-rgt-in
pow2
Counts
4 → 55
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
23.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
6.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
2.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.0ms
(* x 1/6)

series116.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
58.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
26.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
18.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
13.0ms
(* x 1/6)

simplify2.7s

Counts
32 → 67
Calls
32 calls:
Slowest
676.0ms
(* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)) (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)))
261.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
244.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
227.0ms
(* (* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)) (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x))) (* (* (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)))
221.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))))

prune508.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize16.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

4.9b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
4.9b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
4.9b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
0.1b
(cbrt (* (* (- (exp (* a x)) 1) (- (exp (* a x)) 1)) (- (exp (* a x)) 1)))

rewrite55.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
30×flip--
30×flip3--
28×frac-times
26×cbrt-div
14×associate-*l/
associate-*r/
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
add-cube-cbrt
add-exp-log
add-cbrt-cube
*-un-lft-identity
pow1
difference-of-sqr-1
sub-neg
rem-cbrt-cube
pow3
pow1/3
cbrt-prod
Counts
4 → 72
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
33.0ms
(cbrt (* (* (- (exp (* a x)) 1) (- (exp (* a x)) 1)) (- (exp (* a x)) 1)))
8.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
6.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
4.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

series116.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
35.0ms
(cbrt (* (* (- (exp (* a x)) 1) (- (exp (* a x)) 1)) (- (exp (* a x)) 1)))
29.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
27.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
25.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

simplify7.8s

Counts
43 → 84
Calls
43 calls:
Slowest
710.0ms
(cbrt (* (* (- (pow (exp (* a x)) 3) (pow 1 3)) (- (pow (exp (* a x)) 3) (pow 1 3))) (- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1))))
681.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
498.0ms
(cbrt (* (* (- (exp (* a x)) 1) (- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1))) (- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1))))
398.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
395.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))

prune912.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (0 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

regimes176.0ms

Accuracy

97.5% (0.5b remaining)

Error of 0.6b against oracle of 0.1b and baseline of 20.8b

bsearch3.0ms

end0.0ms

sample2.2s

Algorithm
intervals
Results
1.2s2682×body1280valid
331.0ms1330×body640valid
317.0ms5460×body80valid
128.0ms760×body320valid
52.0ms431×body160valid