Average Error: 29.3 → 1.0
Time: 14.2s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -1551053664.6429229:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{2} + a \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) + a \cdot x\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original29.3
Target0.2
Herbie1.0
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|a \cdot x\right| \lt \frac{1}{10}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{a \cdot x}{2} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot x\right)}^{2}}{6}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (* a x) < -1551053664.6429229

    1. Initial program 0

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Taylor expanded around -inf 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\]

    if -1551053664.6429229 < (* a x)

    1. Initial program 43.7

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Taylor expanded around 0 15.4

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot x + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)}\]
    3. Simplified1.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification1.0

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -1551053664.6429229:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{2} + a \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) + a \cdot x\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 323378853 
(FPCore (a x)
  :name "expax (section 3.5)"

  :herbie-target
  (if (< (fabs (* a x)) 1/10) (* (* a x) (+ 1 (+ (/ (* a x) 2) (/ (pow (* a x) 2) 6)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

  (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

Details

Time bar (total: 13.0s)Debug log

sample109.0ms

Algorithm
intervals
Results
46.0ms84×body1280valid
18.0ms45×body640valid
16.0ms193×body80valid
7.0ms24×body320valid
2.0msbody160valid

simplify21.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
21.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

prune12.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 28.5b

localize23.0ms

Local error

Found 1 expressions with local error:

3.0b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

rewrite11.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
flip--
add-cube-cbrt
add-exp-log
difference-of-sqr-1
add-cbrt-cube
flip3--
*-un-lft-identity
sub-neg
pow1
Counts
1 → 12
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
10.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

series52.0ms

Counts
1 → 3
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
52.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

simplify532.0ms

Counts
4 → 15
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
500.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
13.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
11.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
7.0ms
(+ (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)

prune219.0ms

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize44.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.3b
(* x 1/6)
0.2b
(* (* a x) (* a x))
0.2b
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.1b
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))

rewrite42.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
14×pow1
11×add-exp-log
11×add-cbrt-cube
add-cube-cbrt
associate-*r*
*-un-lft-identity
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
cbrt-unprod
*-commutative
prod-exp
pow-prod-down
associate-*r/
associate-*l*
flip-+
pow-prod-up
pow-plus
flip3-+
distribute-lft-in
distribute-rgt-in
pow2
Counts
4 → 55
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
30.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
8.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
2.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.0ms
(* x 1/6)

series164.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
94.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
33.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
22.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
15.0ms
(* x 1/6)

simplify4.2s

Counts
32 → 67
Calls
32 calls:
Slowest
852.0ms
(* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)) (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)))
396.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))))
390.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
390.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
351.0ms
(* (* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* (* a x) (* a x))) (* (* a x) (* a x))) (* (* (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)))

prune920.0ms

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (2 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize1.0ms

Local error

Found 1 expressions with local error:

3.0b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

rewrite11.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
flip--
add-cube-cbrt
add-exp-log
difference-of-sqr-1
add-cbrt-cube
flip3--
*-un-lft-identity
sub-neg
pow1
Counts
1 → 12
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
10.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

series51.0ms

Counts
1 → 3
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
51.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

simplify528.0ms

Counts
4 → 15
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
499.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
11.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
10.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
6.0ms
(+ (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)

prune202.0ms

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize13.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

3.0b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
0.1b
(exp (log (- (exp (* a x)) 1)))

rewrite23.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-sqr-sqrt
add-cube-cbrt
exp-sum
*-un-lft-identity
exp-prod
log-prod
pow1
add-log-exp
flip--
add-exp-log
difference-of-sqr-1
exp-diff
add-cbrt-cube
flip3--
log-div
rem-exp-log
log-pow
sub-neg
Counts
2 → 30
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
12.0ms
(exp (log (- (exp (* a x)) 1)))
10.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

series98.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
49.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
49.0ms
(exp (log (- (exp (* a x)) 1)))

simplify1.3s

Counts
18 → 36
Calls
18 calls:
Slowest
559.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
507.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
81.0ms
(exp (log (- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1))))
54.0ms
(exp (log (- (pow (exp (* a x)) 3) (pow 1 3))))
18.0ms
(exp (log (* (cbrt (- (exp (* a x)) 1)) (cbrt (- (exp (* a x)) 1)))))

prune560.0ms

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

regimes503.0ms

Accuracy

95.6% (0.9b remaining)

Error of 1.0b against oracle of 0.1b and baseline of 21.2b

bsearch6.0ms

end0.0ms

sample3.3s

Algorithm
intervals
Results
1.7s2671×body1280valid
569.0ms1346×body640valid
501.0ms5524×body80valid
237.0ms721×body320valid
77.0ms410×body160valid