Average Error: 30.0 → 0.3
Time: 10.7s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.03274706362324737:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot x\right) \cdot a + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original30.0
Target0.2
Herbie0.3
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|a \cdot x\right| \lt \frac{1}{10}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{a \cdot x}{2} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot x\right)}^{2}}{6}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (* a x) < -0.03274706362324737

    1. Initial program 0.0

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied add-log-exp0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right)}\]

    if -0.03274706362324737 < (* a x)

    1. Initial program 44.4

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Taylor expanded around 0 14.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot x + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)}\]
    3. Simplified0.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.3

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.03274706362324737:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot x\right) \cdot a + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019021 
(FPCore (a x)
  :name "expax (section 3.5)"

  :herbie-target
  (if (< (fabs (* a x)) 1/10) (* (* a x) (+ 1 (+ (/ (* a x) 2) (/ (pow (* a x) 2) 6)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

  (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

Details

Time bar (total: 10.3s)Debug log

sample85.0ms

Algorithm
intervals
Results
34.0ms84×body1280valid
13.0ms48×body640valid
9.0ms167×body80valid
5.0ms28×body320valid
2.0ms18×body160valid

simplify8.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
8.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

prune7.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 31.9b

localize16.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

4.2b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
0.0b
(exp (* a x))

rewrite10.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-log-exp
add-sqr-sqrt
add-cube-cbrt
add-exp-log
add-cbrt-cube
*-un-lft-identity
pow1
rem-exp-log
flip--
difference-of-sqr-1
flip3--
sub-neg
exp-prod
Counts
2 → 21
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
8.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
1.0ms
(exp (* a x))

series47.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
37.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
10.0ms
(exp (* a x))

simplify467.0ms

Counts
9 → 27
Calls
9 calls:
Slowest
347.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
88.0ms
(+ (* a x) (+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) 1))
9.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
9.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
3.0ms
(exp (* a x))

prune239.0ms

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize29.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.3b
(* x 1/6)
0.2b
(* (* a x) (* a x))
0.2b
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.1b
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))

rewrite31.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
14×pow1
11×add-exp-log
11×add-cbrt-cube
add-cube-cbrt
associate-*r*
*-un-lft-identity
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
cbrt-unprod
*-commutative
prod-exp
pow-prod-down
associate-*r/
associate-*l*
flip-+
pow-prod-up
pow-plus
flip3-+
distribute-lft-in
distribute-rgt-in
pow2
Counts
4 → 55
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
21.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
7.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
2.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.0ms
(* x 1/6)

series116.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
52.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
27.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
24.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
12.0ms
(* x 1/6)

simplify3.1s

Counts
32 → 67
Calls
32 calls:
Slowest
654.0ms
(* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)) (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)))
301.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))))
294.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
284.0ms
(* (* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* (* a x) (* a x))) (* (* a x) (* a x))) (* (* (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)))
254.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))

prune515.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize15.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

2.5b
(log (exp (* (* a x) (* a x))))
0.3b
(* x 1/6)
0.2b
(* (* a x) (* a x))
0.2b
(* a (* x 1/6))

rewrite12.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
10×pow1
add-exp-log
add-cbrt-cube
add-log-exp
add-cube-cbrt
*-un-lft-identity
add-sqr-sqrt
*-commutative
log-pow
log-prod
associate-*r*
cbrt-unprod
pow-prod-up
prod-exp
pow-prod-down
associate-*l*
rem-log-exp
exp-to-pow
pow-plus
exp-prod
pow2
Counts
4 → 47
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
5.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
4.0ms
(log (exp (* (* a x) (* a x))))
1.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.0ms
(* x 1/6)

series67.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
23.0ms
(log (exp (* (* a x) (* a x))))
20.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
13.0ms
(* x 1/6)
11.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))

simplify646.0ms

Counts
24 → 59
Calls
24 calls:
Slowest
517.0ms
(* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)) (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)))
16.0ms
(* 1/6 (* a x))
15.0ms
(log (* (cbrt (exp (* (* a x) (* a x)))) (cbrt (exp (* (* a x) (* a x))))))
13.0ms
(log (sqrt (exp (* (* a x) (* a x)))))
12.0ms
(* 1/6 (* a x))

prune588.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (2 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize14.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

4.2b
(- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1))
0.0b
(exp (* a x))
0.0b
(exp (* a x))
0.0b
(exp (* a x))

rewrite20.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-log-exp
add-cube-cbrt
add-exp-log
add-cbrt-cube
*-un-lft-identity
pow1
add-sqr-sqrt
rem-exp-log
exp-prod
difference-of-squares
flip--
diff-log
flip3--
sub-neg
Counts
4 → 40
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
14.0ms
(- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1))
2.0ms
(exp (* a x))
2.0ms
(exp (* a x))
2.0ms
(exp (* a x))

series72.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
41.0ms
(- (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x))) (* 1 1))
11.0ms
(exp (* a x))
10.0ms
(exp (* a x))
10.0ms
(exp (* a x))

simplify758.0ms

Counts
21 → 52
Calls
21 calls:
Slowest
311.0ms
(+ (* 2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* 2 (* a x)) (* 4/3 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
107.0ms
(+ (* a x) (+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) 1))
96.0ms
(+ (* a x) (+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) 1))
69.0ms
(+ (* a x) (+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) 1))
67.0ms
(/ (exp (* (exp (* a x)) (exp (* a x)))) (exp (* 1 1)))

prune441.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (2 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

regimes430.0ms

Accuracy

98.6% (0.3b remaining)

Error of 0.3b against oracle of 0.1b and baseline of 20.2b

bsearch3.0ms

end0.0ms

sample2.6s

Algorithm
intervals
Results
1.5s2729×body1280valid
453.0ms1328×body640valid
295.0ms5285×body80valid
151.0ms760×body320valid
77.0ms438×body160valid