Average Error: 39.4 → 0.8
Time: 14.9s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \le -34.54208403880926 \lor \neg \left(\varepsilon \le 2.7525704418554514 \cdot 10^{-08}\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + x\right) + \varepsilon}{2}\right)\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Bits error versus eps

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if eps < -34.54208403880926 or 2.7525704418554514e-08 < eps

    1. Initial program 30.0

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied cos-sum0.9

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right)} - \cos x\]

    if -34.54208403880926 < eps < 2.7525704418554514e-08

    1. Initial program 48.8

      \[\cos \left(x + \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied diff-cos37.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) - x}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + \varepsilon\right) + x}{2}\right)\right)}\]
    4. Simplified0.6

      \[\leadsto -2 \cdot \color{blue}{\left(\sin \left(\frac{\left(x + x\right) + \varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)\right)}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.8

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\varepsilon \le -34.54208403880926 \lor \neg \left(\varepsilon \le 2.7525704418554514 \cdot 10^{-08}\right):\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\cos x \cdot \cos \varepsilon - \sin x \cdot \sin \varepsilon\right) - \cos x\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;-2 \cdot \left(\sin \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right) \cdot \sin \left(\frac{\left(x + x\right) + \varepsilon}{2}\right)\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019021 
(FPCore (x eps)
  :name "2cos (problem 3.3.5)"
  (- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x)))

Details

Time bar (total: 13.3s)Debug log

sample249.0ms

Algorithm
intervals
Results
157.0ms142×body1280valid
39.0ms23×body2560valid
34.0ms58×body640valid
7.0ms17×body320valid
4.0ms14×body160valid
0.0msbody80valid

simplify4.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
3.0ms
(- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x))

prune5.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 40.5b

localize15.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

3.7b
(cos (+ x eps))
1.4b
(- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x))

rewrite10.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-log-exp
*-un-lft-identity
add-sqr-sqrt
add-cube-cbrt
add-exp-log
add-cbrt-cube
cos-sum
pow1
difference-of-squares
distribute-lft-out--
flip--
diff-cos
diff-log
flip3--
sub-neg
associate--l-
Counts
2 → 24
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
7.0ms
(- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x))
3.0ms
(cos (+ x eps))

series76.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
62.0ms
(- (cos (+ x eps)) (cos x))
14.0ms
(cos (+ x eps))

simplify353.0ms

Counts
13 → 30
Calls
13 calls:
Slowest
193.0ms
(- (* 1/6 (* (pow x 3) eps)) (+ (* 1/2 (pow eps 2)) (* x eps)))
79.0ms
(- 1 (+ (* x eps) (* 1/2 (pow x 2))))
24.0ms
(/ (exp (cos (+ x eps))) (exp (cos x)))
20.0ms
(* (sin (/ (- (+ x eps) x) 2)) (sin (/ (+ (+ x eps) x) 2)))
8.0ms
(- (sqrt (cos (+ x eps))) (sqrt (cos x)))

prune252.0ms

Pruning

6 alts after pruning (6 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.5b

localize40.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

3.5b
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
0.3b
(* (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)) (sin (/ eps 2)))

rewrite17.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-cube-cbrt
add-exp-log
add-cbrt-cube
*-un-lft-identity
pow1
add-sqr-sqrt
associate-*l*
associate-*r*
add-log-exp
sin-mult
cbrt-unprod
*-commutative
prod-exp
pow-prod-down
Counts
2 → 25
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
13.0ms
(* (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)) (sin (/ eps 2)))
4.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))

series110.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
81.0ms
(* (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)) (sin (/ eps 2)))
28.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))

simplify476.0ms

Counts
15 → 31
Calls
15 calls:
Slowest
210.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/4 (pow eps 2)) (* 1/2 (* x eps))) (* 1/12 (* (pow x 3) eps)))
72.0ms
(- (+ x (* 1/2 eps)) (* 1/6 (pow x 3)))
62.0ms
(* (* (* (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)) (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))) (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))) (* (* (sin (/ eps 2)) (sin (/ eps 2))) (sin (/ eps 2))))
23.0ms
(- (cos (- (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2) (/ eps 2))) (cos (+ (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2) (/ eps 2))))
22.0ms
(* (sin (* 1/2 (+ (* 2 x) eps))) (sin (* 1/2 eps)))

prune443.0ms

Pruning

13 alts after pruning (12 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.4b

localize22.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

3.5b
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
3.5b
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
3.5b
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
0.6b
(cbrt (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)))

rewrite17.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-cube-cbrt
*-un-lft-identity
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
add-exp-log
add-cbrt-cube
pow1
cbrt-prod
pow1/3
Counts
4 → 32
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
5.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
4.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
4.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
4.0ms
(cbrt (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)))

series168.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
82.0ms
(cbrt (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)))
33.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
32.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
20.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))

simplify681.0ms

Counts
15 → 44
Calls
15 calls:
Slowest
350.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (* x (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 4) (* 2 (log eps))))))) (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps))))) (* 7/81 (* (pow x 2) (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))))))
77.0ms
(- (+ x (* 1/2 eps)) (* 1/6 (pow x 3)))
60.0ms
(- (+ x (* 1/2 eps)) (* 1/6 (pow x 3)))
53.0ms
(- (+ x (* 1/2 eps)) (* 1/6 (pow x 3)))
23.0ms
(sin (* 1/2 (+ (* 2 x) eps)))

prune563.0ms

Pruning

14 alts after pruning (13 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.4b

localize9.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

3.5b
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
3.5b
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
3.5b
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
0.6b
(cbrt (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)))

rewrite16.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-cube-cbrt
*-un-lft-identity
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
add-exp-log
add-cbrt-cube
pow1
cbrt-prod
pow1/3
Counts
4 → 32
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
6.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
4.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
4.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
2.0ms
(cbrt (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)))

series193.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
90.0ms
(cbrt (sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2)))
37.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
34.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))
32.0ms
(sin (/ (+ (+ x x) eps) 2))

simplify614.0ms

Counts
15 → 44
Calls
15 calls:
Slowest
299.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (* x (exp (* 1/3 (- (log 4) (* 2 (log eps))))))) (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps))))) (* 7/81 (* (pow x 2) (exp (* 1/3 (+ (log 1/2) (log eps)))))))
59.0ms
(- (+ x (* 1/2 eps)) (* 1/6 (pow x 3)))
53.0ms
(- (+ x (* 1/2 eps)) (* 1/6 (pow x 3)))
53.0ms
(- (+ x (* 1/2 eps)) (* 1/6 (pow x 3)))
23.0ms
(pow (sin (* 1/2 (+ (* 2 x) eps))) 1/3)

prune623.0ms

Pruning

14 alts after pruning (12 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.4b

regimes339.0ms

Accuracy

97.2% (0.4b remaining)

Error of 0.8b against oracle of 0.4b and baseline of 14.8b

bsearch162.0ms

end0.0ms

sample7.8s

Algorithm
intervals
Results
4.7s4454×body1280valid
1.5s638×body2560valid
1.2s1831×body640valid
298.0ms708×body320valid
68.0ms288×body160valid
10.0ms81×body80valid