Average Error: 29.7 → 0.6
Time: 12.7s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -896.1920870623062:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{2} + a \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) + a \cdot x\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original29.7
Target0.2
Herbie0.6
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|a \cdot x\right| \lt \frac{1}{10}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{a \cdot x}{2} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot x\right)}^{2}}{6}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (* a x) < -896.1920870623062

    1. Initial program 0

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Taylor expanded around -inf 0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\]

    if -896.1920870623062 < (* a x)

    1. Initial program 44.3

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Taylor expanded around 0 14.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot x + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)}\]
    3. Simplified0.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.6

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -896.1920870623062:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{2} + a \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) + a \cdot x\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 1137770271 
(FPCore (a x)
  :name "expax (section 3.5)"

  :herbie-target
  (if (< (fabs (* a x)) 1/10) (* (* a x) (+ 1 (+ (/ (* a x) 2) (/ (pow (* a x) 2) 6)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

  (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

Details

Time bar (total: 12.0s)Debug log

sample133.0ms

Algorithm
intervals
Results
87×54.0ms(body real 1280)
47×21.0ms(body real 640)
161×15.0ms(body real 80)
331×10.0ms(pre true 80)
20×6.0ms(body real 320)
16×3.0ms(body real 160)

simplify11.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
11.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

prune13.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 29.2b

localize40.0ms

Local error

Found 1 expressions with local error:

3.4b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

rewrite11.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
flip--
add-cube-cbrt
add-exp-log
difference-of-sqr-1
add-cbrt-cube
flip3--
*-un-lft-identity
sub-neg
pow1
Counts
1 → 12
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
11.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

series58.0ms

Counts
1 → 3
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
57.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

simplify933.0ms

Counts
4 → 15
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
904.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
10.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
10.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
6.0ms
(+ (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)

prune227.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (2 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize45.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.3b
(* x 1/6)
0.2b
(* (* a x) (* a x))
0.2b
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.0b
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))

rewrite40.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
14×pow1
11×add-exp-log
11×add-cbrt-cube
add-cube-cbrt
associate-*r*
*-un-lft-identity
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
cbrt-unprod
*-commutative
prod-exp
pow-prod-down
associate-*r/
associate-*l*
flip-+
pow-prod-up
pow-plus
flip3-+
distribute-lft-in
distribute-rgt-in
pow2
Counts
4 → 55
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
28.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
8.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
2.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.0ms
(* x 1/6)

series169.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
93.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
38.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
23.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
15.0ms
(* x 1/6)

simplify4.4s

Counts
32 → 67
Calls
32 calls:
Slowest
882.0ms
(* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)) (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)))
444.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))))
401.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
395.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
367.0ms
(* (* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* (* a x) (* a x))) (* (* a x) (* a x))) (* (* (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)))

prune979.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize1.0ms

Local error

Found 1 expressions with local error:

3.4b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

rewrite11.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
flip--
add-cube-cbrt
add-exp-log
difference-of-sqr-1
add-cbrt-cube
flip3--
*-un-lft-identity
sub-neg
pow1
Counts
1 → 12
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
11.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

series52.0ms

Counts
1 → 3
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
51.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

simplify546.0ms

Counts
4 → 15
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
517.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
11.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
10.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
6.0ms
(+ (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)

prune202.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (0 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

regimes318.0ms

Accuracy

97.7% (0.5b remaining)

Error of 0.6b against oracle of 0.1b and baseline of 20.9b

bsearch6.0ms

end0.0ms

sample3.8s

Algorithm
intervals
Results
2716×1.8s(body real 1280)
1327×613.0ms(body real 640)
5472×522.0ms(body real 80)
10666×285.0ms(pre true 80)
742×249.0ms(body real 320)
409×81.0ms(body real 160)