Average Error: 29.6 → 0.1
Time: 8.3s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;N \le 9043.685894874578:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(1 + \frac{1}{N}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;(\left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{N} - \frac{1}{2}\right) + \left(\frac{1}{N}\right))_*\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus N

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if N < 9043.685894874578

    1. Initial program 0.1

      \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N\]
    2. Simplified0.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log_* (1 + N) - \log N}\]
    3. Using strategy rm
    4. Applied log1p-udef0.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(1 + N\right)} - \log N\]
    5. Applied diff-log0.1

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(\frac{1 + N}{N}\right)}\]
    6. Taylor expanded around -inf 0.1

      \[\leadsto \log \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{N} + 1\right)}\]

    if 9043.685894874578 < N

    1. Initial program 59.5

      \[\log \left(N + 1\right) - \log N\]
    2. Simplified59.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log_* (1 + N) - \log N}\]
    3. Taylor expanded around -inf 0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{{N}^{3}} + \frac{1}{N}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{{N}^{2}}}\]
    4. Simplified0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{(\left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{N} - \frac{1}{2}\right) + \left(\frac{1}{N}\right))_*}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.1

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;N \le 9043.685894874578:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(1 + \frac{1}{N}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;(\left(\frac{1}{N \cdot N}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{N} - \frac{1}{2}\right) + \left(\frac{1}{N}\right))_*\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019010 +o rules:numerics
(FPCore (N)
  :name "2log (problem 3.3.6)"
  (- (log (+ N 1)) (log N)))

Details

Time bar (total: 7.9s)Debug log

sample118.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify5.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
4.0ms
(- (log (+ N 1)) (log N))

prune7.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 25.5b

localize9.0ms

Local error

Found 1 expressions with local error:

2.8b
(- (log1p N) (log N))

rewrite5.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
10×*-un-lft-identity
10×add-sqr-sqrt
prod-diff
add-cube-cbrt
fma-neg
add-log-exp
diff-log
difference-of-squares
distribute-lft-out--
flip--
log1p-expm1-u
add-exp-log
add-cbrt-cube
flip3--
sub-neg
log1p-udef
pow1
expm1-log1p-u
Counts
1 → 29
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
4.0ms
(- (log1p N) (log N))

series92.0ms

Counts
1 → 3
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
92.0ms
(- (log1p N) (log N))

simplify769.0ms

Counts
28 → 32
Calls
28 calls:
Slowest
198.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
182.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
83.0ms
(- N (+ (log N) (* 1/2 (pow N 2))))
30.0ms
(fma (- (cbrt (log N))) (* (cbrt (log N)) (cbrt (log N))) (* (cbrt (log N)) (* (cbrt (log N)) (cbrt (log N)))))
28.0ms
(fma (sqrt (log1p N)) (sqrt (log1p N)) (- (* (sqrt (log N)) (sqrt (log N)))))

prune257.0ms

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize8.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

3.3b
(log (/ (+ 1 N) N))
0.0b
(/ (+ 1 N) N)

rewrite4.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-cube-cbrt
*-un-lft-identity
log-prod
add-sqr-sqrt
associate-/l*
add-exp-log
pow1
associate-/l/
add-log-exp
div-inv
log1p-expm1-u
add-cbrt-cube
expm1-log1p-u
flip-+
log-pow
rem-log-exp
flip3-+
frac-2neg
clear-num
log-div
Counts
2 → 33
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
2.0ms
(/ (+ 1 N) N)
1.0ms
(log (/ (+ 1 N) N))

series80.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
46.0ms
(log (/ (+ 1 N) N))
33.0ms
(/ (+ 1 N) N)

simplify510.0ms

Counts
16 → 39
Calls
16 calls:
Slowest
219.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
145.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
111.0ms
(- N (+ (log N) (* 1/2 (pow N 2))))
6.0ms
(- (* 1 1) (* N N))
5.0ms
(+ (pow 1 3) (pow N 3))

prune267.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (2 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize9.0ms

Local error

Found 1 expressions with local error:

3.3b
(log (+ (/ 1 N) 1))

rewrite3.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
log-prod
add-cube-cbrt
add-exp-log
*-un-lft-identity
log-div
pow1
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
log1p-expm1-u
flip-+
log-pow
rem-log-exp
add-cbrt-cube
flip3-+
expm1-log1p-u
Counts
1 → 16
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
2.0ms
(log (+ (/ 1 N) 1))

series26.0ms

Counts
1 → 3
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
26.0ms
(log (+ (/ 1 N) 1))

simplify719.0ms

Counts
9 → 19
Calls
9 calls:
Slowest
233.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
228.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
116.0ms
(- N (+ (log N) (* 1/2 (pow N 2))))
65.0ms
(log (- (* (/ 1 N) (/ 1 N)) (* 1 1)))
57.0ms
(log (+ (pow (/ 1 N) 3) (pow 1 3)))

prune165.0ms

Pruning

2 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

localize29.0ms

Local error

Found 3 expressions with local error:

0.4b
(/ 1 (* N N))
0.3b
(/ 1/3 N)
0.1b
(fma (/ 1 (* N N)) (- (/ 1/3 N) 1/2) (/ 1 N))

rewrite7.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-exp-log
pow1
add-log-exp
log1p-expm1-u
add-cube-cbrt
add-cbrt-cube
*-un-lft-identity
expm1-log1p-u
add-sqr-sqrt
pow-flip
div-inv
frac-2neg
clear-num
inv-pow
fma-udef
associate-/r*
rec-exp
pow2
Counts
3 → 39
Calls
3 calls:
Slowest
6.0ms
(/ 1 (* N N))
0.0ms
(/ 1/3 N)
0.0ms
(fma (/ 1 (* N N)) (- (/ 1/3 N) 1/2) (/ 1 N))

series44.0ms

Counts
3 → 9
Calls
3 calls:
Slowest
19.0ms
(fma (/ 1 (* N N)) (- (/ 1/3 N) 1/2) (/ 1 N))
13.0ms
(/ 1 (* N N))
12.0ms
(/ 1/3 N)

simplify593.0ms

Counts
11 → 48
Calls
11 calls:
Slowest
212.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
192.0ms
(- (+ (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3))) (/ 1 N)) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
158.0ms
(- (+ (/ 1 N) (* 1/3 (/ 1 (pow N 3)))) (* 1/2 (/ 1 (pow N 2))))
7.0ms
(/ 1 (pow N 2))
7.0ms
(/ 1 (pow N 2))

prune365.0ms

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.0b

regimes49.0ms

Accuracy

100% (0.0b remaining)

Error of 0.1b against oracle of 0.0b and baseline of 29.5b

bsearch40.0ms

end0.0ms

sample3.7s

Algorithm
intervals