Average Error: 29.1 → 0.2
Time: 10.5s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.00946162035345938:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt[3]{\log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right) \cdot \left(\log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right) \cdot \log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot x + \left(\frac{1}{2} + \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original29.1
Target0.2
Herbie0.2
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|a \cdot x\right| \lt \frac{1}{10}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{a \cdot x}{2} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot x\right)}^{2}}{6}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (* a x) < -0.00946162035345938

    1. Initial program 0.0

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Taylor expanded around inf 0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\]
    3. Using strategy rm
    4. Applied add-log-exp0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right)}\]
    5. Using strategy rm
    6. Applied add-cbrt-cube0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{\left(\log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right) \cdot \log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right)\right) \cdot \log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right)}}\]

    if -0.00946162035345938 < (* a x)

    1. Initial program 44.1

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Taylor expanded around 0 14.2

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot x + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)}\]
    3. Simplified0.3

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.2

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.00946162035345938:\\ \;\;\;\;\sqrt[3]{\log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right) \cdot \left(\log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right) \cdot \log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right)\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot x + \left(\frac{1}{2} + \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot a\right) \cdot \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019010 
(FPCore (a x)
  :name "expax (section 3.5)"

  :herbie-target
  (if (< (fabs (* a x)) 1/10) (* (* a x) (+ 1 (+ (/ (* a x) 2) (/ (pow (* a x) 2) 6)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

  (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

Details

Time bar (total: 10.0s)Debug log

sample105.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify10.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls
1 calls:
Slowest
10.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

prune9.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 31.9b

localize17.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

4.3b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
0.0b
(exp (* a x))

rewrite11.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-log-exp
add-sqr-sqrt
add-cube-cbrt
add-exp-log
add-cbrt-cube
*-un-lft-identity
pow1
rem-exp-log
flip--
difference-of-sqr-1
flip3--
sub-neg
exp-prod
Counts
2 → 21
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
9.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
2.0ms
(exp (* a x))

series74.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
43.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
31.0ms
(exp (* a x))

simplify483.0ms

Counts
9 → 27
Calls
9 calls:
Slowest
339.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
114.0ms
(+ (* a x) (+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) 1))
6.0ms
(+ (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)
5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

prune258.0ms

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize17.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.3b
(* x 1/6)
0.2b
(* (* a x) (* a x))
0.2b
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.1b
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))

rewrite26.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
14×pow1
11×add-exp-log
11×add-cbrt-cube
add-cube-cbrt
associate-*r*
*-un-lft-identity
add-sqr-sqrt
add-log-exp
cbrt-unprod
*-commutative
prod-exp
pow-prod-down
associate-*r/
associate-*l*
flip-+
pow-prod-up
pow-plus
flip3-+
distribute-lft-in
distribute-rgt-in
pow2
Counts
4 → 55
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
17.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
6.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
2.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.0ms
(* x 1/6)

series90.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls
4 calls:
Slowest
51.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
19.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
13.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
7.0ms
(* x 1/6)

simplify2.9s

Counts
32 → 67
Calls
32 calls:
Slowest
552.0ms
(* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)) (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)))
313.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
280.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))))
252.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
240.0ms
(* (* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)) (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x))) (* (* (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)))

prune536.0ms

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (2 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize1.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

4.3b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
0.0b
(exp (* a x))

rewrite11.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-log-exp
add-sqr-sqrt
add-cube-cbrt
add-exp-log
add-cbrt-cube
*-un-lft-identity
pow1
rem-exp-log
flip--
difference-of-sqr-1
flip3--
sub-neg
exp-prod
Counts
2 → 21
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
9.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
2.0ms
(exp (* a x))

series45.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls
2 calls:
Slowest
33.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
12.0ms
(exp (* a x))

simplify464.0ms

Counts
9 → 27
Calls
9 calls:
Slowest
352.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
89.0ms
(+ (* a x) (+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) 1))
5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
4.0ms
(exp (* a x))

prune168.0ms

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize6.0ms

Local error

Found 3 expressions with local error:

4.3b
(log (exp (- (exp (* a x)) 1)))
4.3b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
0.0b
(exp (* a x))

rewrite15.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Rules
add-sqr-sqrt
add-cube-cbrt
log-pow
*-un-lft-identity
exp-prod
log-prod
add-log-exp
pow1
add-exp-log
add-cbrt-cube
exp-sum
difference-of-sqr-1
sub-neg
rem-exp-log
flip--
rem-log-exp
exp-diff
flip3--
log-div
Counts
3 → 40
Calls
3 calls:
Slowest
9.0ms
(log (exp (- (exp (* a x)) 1)))
4.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
1.0ms
(exp (* a x))

series79.0ms

Counts
3 → 9
Calls
3 calls:
Slowest
39.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
27.0ms
(log (exp (- (exp (* a x)) 1)))
13.0ms
(exp (* a x))

simplify1.3s

Counts
23 → 49
Calls
23 calls:
Slowest
733.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
346.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
74.0ms
(+ (* a x) (+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) 1))
38.0ms
(cbrt (- (exp (* a x)) 1))
17.0ms
(log (sqrt (exp (- (exp (* a x)) 1))))

prune437.0ms

Pruning

3 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

regimes317.0ms

Accuracy

99.2% (0.2b remaining)

Error of 0.2b against oracle of 0.0b and baseline of 21.0b

bsearch6.0ms

end0.0ms

sample2.6s

Algorithm
intervals