Average Error: 29.1 → 0.5
Time: 16.2s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.02639742612245964:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot x\right) \cdot a + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original29.1
Target0.2
Herbie0.5
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|a \cdot x\right| \lt \frac{1}{10}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{a \cdot x}{2} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot x\right)}^{2}}{6}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (* a x) < -0.02639742612245964

    1. Initial program 0.0

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied add-log-exp0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right)}\]

    if -0.02639742612245964 < (* a x)

    1. Initial program 43.8

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Taylor expanded around 0 14.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot x + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)}\]
    3. Simplified0.7

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.5

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.02639742612245964:\\ \;\;\;\;\log \left(e^{e^{a \cdot x} - 1}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot x\right) \cdot a + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019008 
(FPCore (a x)
  :name "expax (section 3.5)"

  :herbie-target
  (if (< (fabs (* a x)) 1/10) (* (* a x) (+ 1 (+ (/ (* a x) 2) (/ (pow (* a x) 2) 6)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

  (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

Details

Time bar (total: 15.3s)Debug log

sample69.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify5.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

prune5.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 31.9b

localize8.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

3.0b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
0.1b
(exp (* a x))

rewrite5.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
2 → 21
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

4.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
1.0ms
(exp (* a x))

series51.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

31.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
20.0ms
(exp (* a x))

simplify441.0ms

Counts
9 → 27
Calls

9 calls. Slowest were:

316.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
103.0ms
(+ (* a x) (+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) 1))
5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

prune213.0ms

Pruning

5 alts after pruning (4 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize17.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.3b
(* x 1/6)
0.3b
(* (* a x) (* a x))
0.2b
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.1b
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))

rewrite29.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 55
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

19.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
6.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
2.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))

series97.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

51.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
18.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
17.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
11.0ms
(* x 1/6)

simplify2.8s

Counts
32 → 67
Calls

32 calls. Slowest were:

556.0ms
(* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)) (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)))
272.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
265.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))

prune601.0ms

Pruning

5 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize17.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

3.0b
(- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)
0.1b
(exp (* a x))
0.1b
(exp (* a x))
0.0b
(* (+ (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1) (- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1))

rewrite60.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 62
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

40.0ms
(* (+ (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1) (- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1))
16.0ms
(- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)
2.0ms
(exp (* a x))

series159.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

104.0ms
(* (+ (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1) (- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1))
34.0ms
(- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)
11.0ms
(exp (* a x))
11.0ms
(exp (* a x))

simplify4.7s

Counts
44 → 74
Calls

44 calls. Slowest were:

405.0ms
(* (+ (* (sqrt (exp (* a x))) (sqrt (exp (* a x)))) (- (* 1 1) (* (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1))) (+ (* (sqrt (exp (* a x))) (sqrt (exp (* a x)))) (+ (* 1 1) (* (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1))))
388.0ms
(+ (* 1/8 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* 1/2 (* a x)) (* 1/48 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
385.0ms
(* (- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1) (+ (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1))

prune741.0ms

Pruning

7 alts after pruning (5 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize19.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

3.0b
(- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)
3.0b
(- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)
3.0b
(- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)
0.1b
(exp (* a x))

rewrite19.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 48
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

7.0ms
(- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)
6.0ms
(- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)
6.0ms
(- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)

series136.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

47.0ms
(- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)
44.0ms
(- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)
33.0ms
(- (sqrt (exp (* a x))) 1)
11.0ms
(exp (* a x))

simplify1.1s

Counts
20 → 60
Calls

20 calls. Slowest were:

327.0ms
(+ (* 1/8 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* 1/2 (* a x)) (* 1/48 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
315.0ms
(+ (* 1/8 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* 1/2 (* a x)) (* 1/48 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
269.0ms
(+ (* 1/8 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* 1/2 (* a x)) (* 1/48 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))

prune713.0ms

Pruning

6 alts after pruning (5 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

regimes823.0ms

Accuracy

98.1% (0.4b remaining)

Error of 0.5b against oracle of 0.1b and baseline of 21.0b

bsearch3.0ms

end0.0ms

sample2.4s

Algorithm
intervals