Average Error: 39.6 → 0.4
Time: 7.0s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -0.00015646466021836952:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(\sqrt[3]{\log \left(e^{e^{x} - 1}\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\log \left(e^{e^{x} - 1}\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\log \left(e^{e^{x} - 1}\right)}}{x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2} + 1\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot x\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original39.6
Target38.7
Herbie0.4
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \lt 1 \land x \gt -1:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{e^{x} - 1}{\log \left(e^{x}\right)}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if x < -0.00015646466021836952

    1. Initial program 0.1

      \[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied add-log-exp0.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\log \left(e^{e^{x} - 1}\right)}}{x}\]
    4. Using strategy rm
    5. Applied add-cube-cbrt0.1

      \[\leadsto \frac{\color{blue}{\left(\sqrt[3]{\log \left(e^{e^{x} - 1}\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\log \left(e^{e^{x} - 1}\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\log \left(e^{e^{x} - 1}\right)}}}{x}\]

    if -0.00015646466021836952 < x

    1. Initial program 59.9

      \[\frac{e^{x} - 1}{x}\]
    2. Taylor expanded around 0 0.6

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot x + \left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2} + 1\right)}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.4

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;x \le -0.00015646466021836952:\\ \;\;\;\;\frac{\left(\sqrt[3]{\log \left(e^{e^{x} - 1}\right)} \cdot \sqrt[3]{\log \left(e^{e^{x} - 1}\right)}\right) \cdot \sqrt[3]{\log \left(e^{e^{x} - 1}\right)}}{x}\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\frac{1}{6} \cdot {x}^{2} + 1\right) + \frac{1}{2} \cdot x\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019007 
(FPCore (x)
  :name "Kahan's exp quotient"

  :herbie-target
  (if (and (< x 1) (> x -1)) (/ (- (exp x) 1) (log (exp x))) (/ (- (exp x) 1) x))

  (/ (- (exp x) 1) x))

Details

Time bar (total: 6.1s)Debug log

sample72.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify14.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

14.0ms
(/ (- (exp x) 1) x)

prune22.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 40.9b

localize18.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

6.1b
(- (exp x) 1)
0.0b
(/ (- (exp x) 1) x)

rewrite16.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
2 → 29
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

10.0ms
(/ (- (exp x) 1) x)
6.0ms
(- (exp x) 1)

series38.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

27.0ms
(/ (- (exp x) 1) x)
11.0ms
(- (exp x) 1)

simplify330.0ms

Counts
13 → 35
Calls

13 calls. Slowest were:

119.0ms
(+ x (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 3)) (* 1/2 (pow x 2))))
93.0ms
(* -1 (/ (- 1 (exp x)) x))
35.0ms
(- (* (exp x) (exp x)) (* 1 1))

prune360.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (4 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize28.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

0.2b
(* 1/6 (pow x 2))
0.0b
(+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1))

rewrite7.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
2 → 24
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1))
1.0ms
(* 1/6 (pow x 2))

series21.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

11.0ms
(* 1/6 (pow x 2))
10.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1))

simplify208.0ms

Counts
10 → 30
Calls

10 calls. Slowest were:

82.0ms
(* (exp (* 1/2 x)) (exp (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1)))
41.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1))
31.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1))

prune205.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize10.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

5.5b
(- (/ (exp x) x) (/ 1 x))
0.0b
(/ (exp x) x)

rewrite8.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
2 → 32
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(- (/ (exp x) x) (/ 1 x))
2.0ms
(/ (exp x) x)

series47.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

25.0ms
(- (/ (exp x) x) (/ 1 x))
22.0ms
(/ (exp x) x)

simplify252.0ms

Counts
20 → 38
Calls

20 calls. Slowest were:

114.0ms
(* -1 (/ (- 1 (exp x)) x))
28.0ms
(/ (exp (/ (exp x) x)) (exp (/ 1 x)))
21.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 x) (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 2)) 1))

prune251.0ms

Pruning

5 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize8.0ms

Local error

Found 3 expressions with local error:

6.1b
(- (exp x) 1)
6.0b
(log (exp (- (exp x) 1)))
0.0b
(/ (log (exp (- (exp x) 1))) x)

rewrite41.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
3 → 50
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

31.0ms
(/ (log (exp (- (exp x) 1))) x)
6.0ms
(log (exp (- (exp x) 1)))
3.0ms
(- (exp x) 1)

series57.0ms

Counts
3 → 9
Calls

3 calls. Slowest were:

35.0ms
(/ (log (exp (- (exp x) 1))) x)
11.0ms
(log (exp (- (exp x) 1)))
11.0ms
(- (exp x) 1)

simplify535.0ms

Counts
28 → 59
Calls

28 calls. Slowest were:

106.0ms
(+ x (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 3)) (* 1/2 (pow x 2))))
94.0ms
(+ x (+ (* 1/6 (pow x 3)) (* 1/2 (pow x 2))))
79.0ms
(* -1 (/ (- 1 (exp x)) x))

prune466.0ms

Pruning

7 alts after pruning (5 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

regimes79.0ms

Accuracy

98.4% (0.3b remaining)

Error of 0.4b against oracle of 0.1b and baseline of 21.2b

bsearch42.0ms

end0.0ms

sample3.0s

Algorithm
intervals