Average Error: 28.9 → 0.3
Time: 12.7s
Precision: 64
Internal Precision: 128
\[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.14091949297782305:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\sqrt{e^{a \cdot x}} - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \sqrt{e^{a \cdot x}}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot x + \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot a + \frac{1}{2}\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Error

Bits error versus a

Bits error versus x

Try it out

Your Program's Arguments

Results

Enter valid numbers for all inputs

Target

Original28.9
Target0.2
Herbie0.3
\[\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;\left|a \cdot x\right| \lt \frac{1}{10}:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(1 + \left(\frac{a \cdot x}{2} + \frac{{\left(a \cdot x\right)}^{2}}{6}\right)\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;e^{a \cdot x} - 1\\ \end{array}\]

Derivation

  1. Split input into 2 regimes
  2. if (* a x) < -0.14091949297782305

    1. Initial program 0.0

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Using strategy rm
    3. Applied add-sqr-sqrt0.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\sqrt{e^{a \cdot x}} \cdot \sqrt{e^{a \cdot x}}} - 1\]
    4. Applied difference-of-sqr-10.0

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\sqrt{e^{a \cdot x}} + 1\right) \cdot \left(\sqrt{e^{a \cdot x}} - 1\right)}\]

    if -0.14091949297782305 < (* a x)

    1. Initial program 44.2

      \[e^{a \cdot x} - 1\]
    2. Taylor expanded around 0 13.8

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \left({a}^{2} \cdot {x}^{2}\right) + \left(a \cdot x + \frac{1}{6} \cdot \left({a}^{3} \cdot {x}^{3}\right)\right)}\]
    3. Simplified0.5

      \[\leadsto \color{blue}{\left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot \left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) + \frac{1}{2}\right) + a \cdot x}\]
  3. Recombined 2 regimes into one program.
  4. Final simplification0.3

    \[\leadsto \begin{array}{l} \mathbf{if}\;a \cdot x \le -0.14091949297782305:\\ \;\;\;\;\left(\sqrt{e^{a \cdot x}} - 1\right) \cdot \left(1 + \sqrt{e^{a \cdot x}}\right)\\ \mathbf{else}:\\ \;\;\;\;a \cdot x + \left(\left(a \cdot x\right) \cdot \left(a \cdot x\right)\right) \cdot \left(\left(x \cdot \frac{1}{6}\right) \cdot a + \frac{1}{2}\right)\\ \end{array}\]

Reproduce

herbie shell --seed 2019007 
(FPCore (a x)
  :name "expax (section 3.5)"

  :herbie-target
  (if (< (fabs (* a x)) 1/10) (* (* a x) (+ 1 (+ (/ (* a x) 2) (/ (pow (* a x) 2) 6)))) (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

  (- (exp (* a x)) 1))

Details

Time bar (total: 12.2s)Debug log

sample103.0ms

Algorithm
intervals

simplify5.0ms

Counts
1 → 1
Calls

1 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

prune5.0ms

Pruning

1 alts after pruning (1 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 27.9b

localize9.0ms

Local error

Found 2 expressions with local error:

3.2b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
0.1b
(exp (* a x))

rewrite6.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
2 → 21
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
1.0ms
(exp (* a x))

series37.0ms

Counts
2 → 6
Calls

2 calls. Slowest were:

27.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
11.0ms
(exp (* a x))

simplify401.0ms

Counts
9 → 27
Calls

9 calls. Slowest were:

286.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
96.0ms
(+ (* a x) (+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) 1))
5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

prune231.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (4 fresh and 0 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize17.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

0.3b
(* x 1/6)
0.2b
(* (* a x) (* a x))
0.2b
(* a (* x 1/6))
0.1b
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))

rewrite17.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 55
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

12.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
4.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
1.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))

series93.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

55.0ms
(* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2))
17.0ms
(* (* a x) (* a x))
14.0ms
(* a (* x 1/6))
7.0ms
(* x 1/6)

simplify3.4s

Counts
32 → 67
Calls

32 calls. Slowest were:

643.0ms
(+ (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3))) (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))))
639.0ms
(* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)) (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* a x)))
308.0ms
(* (* (* (* (* a x) (* a x)) (* (* a x) (* a x))) (* (* a x) (* a x))) (* (* (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)) (+ (* a (* x 1/6)) 1/2)))

prune583.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize9.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

3.2b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
3.2b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
3.2b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
0.1b
(exp (* a x))

rewrite15.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 45
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
5.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
4.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

series144.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

43.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
43.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
41.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
17.0ms
(exp (* a x))

simplify1.3s

Counts
17 → 57
Calls

17 calls. Slowest were:

391.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
354.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
341.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))

prune566.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (3 fresh and 1 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

localize11.0ms

Local error

Found 4 expressions with local error:

3.2b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
3.2b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
3.2b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
3.2b
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

rewrite37.0ms

Algorithm
rewrite-expression-head
Counts
4 → 48
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

10.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
9.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
9.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

series145.0ms

Counts
4 → 12
Calls

4 calls. Slowest were:

43.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
41.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
31.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)
30.0ms
(- (exp (* a x)) 1)

simplify1.5s

Counts
16 → 60
Calls

16 calls. Slowest were:

396.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
358.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))
358.0ms
(+ (* 1/2 (* (pow a 2) (pow x 2))) (+ (* a x) (* 1/6 (* (pow a 3) (pow x 3)))))

prune718.0ms

Pruning

4 alts after pruning (2 fresh and 2 done)

Merged error: 0.1b

regimes378.0ms

Accuracy

98.6% (0.3b remaining)

Error of 0.3b against oracle of 0.1b and baseline of 21.6b

bsearch7.0ms

end0.0ms

sample2.5s

Algorithm
intervals